Cecilie Våpenstad1,2,3,4,5, Erlend Fagertun Hofstad2,4,5, Lars Eirik Bø1,2,3,4,5, Esther Kuhry1,6, Gjermund Johnsen4,6, Ronald Mårvik1,4,5,6, Thomas Langø2,5, Toril Nagelhus Hernes1,5. 1. a Faculty of Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway. 2. b Department of Medical Technology , SINTEF Technology and Society , Trondheim , Norway. 3. c The Central Norway Regional Health Authority , Trondheim , Norway. 4. d The Norwegian National Advisory Unit for Advanced Laparoscopic Surgery , St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway. 5. e The Norwegian National Advisory Unit for Ultrasound and Image-Guided Therapy , St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway. 6. f Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Virtual reality (VR) simulators enrich surgical training and offer training possibilities outside of the operating room (OR). In this study, we created a criterion-based training program on a VR simulator with haptic feedback and tested it by comparing the performances of a simulator group against a control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Medical students with no experience in laparoscopy were randomly assigned to a simulator group or a control group. In the simulator group, the candidates trained until they reached predefined criteria on the LapSim® VR simulator (Surgical Science AB, Göteborg, Sweden) with haptic feedback (XitactTM IHP, Mentice AB, Göteborg, Sweden). All candidates performed a cholecystectomy on a porcine organ model in a box trainer (the clinical setting). The performances were video rated by two surgeons blinded to subject training status. RESULTS: In total, 30 students performed the cholecystectomy and had their videos rated (N = 16 simulator group, N = 14 control group). The control group achieved better video rating scores than the simulator group (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The criterion-based training program did not transfer skills to the clinical setting. Poor mechanical performance of the simulated haptic feedback is believed to have resulted in a negative training effect.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Virtual reality (VR) simulators enrich surgical training and offer training possibilities outside of the operating room (OR). In this study, we created a criterion-based training program on a VR simulator with haptic feedback and tested it by comparing the performances of a simulator group against a control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medical students with no experience in laparoscopy were randomly assigned to a simulator group or a control group. In the simulator group, the candidates trained until they reached predefined criteria on the LapSim® VR simulator (Surgical Science AB, Göteborg, Sweden) with haptic feedback (XitactTM IHP, Mentice AB, Göteborg, Sweden). All candidates performed a cholecystectomy on a porcine organ model in a box trainer (the clinical setting). The performances were video rated by two surgeons blinded to subject training status. RESULTS: In total, 30 students performed the cholecystectomy and had their videos rated (N = 16 simulator group, N = 14 control group). The control group achieved better video rating scores than the simulator group (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The criterion-based training program did not transfer skills to the clinical setting. Poor mechanical performance of the simulated haptic feedback is believed to have resulted in a negative training effect.
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