Jean Pierre Kabue1, Emma Meader2, Paul R Hunter3, Natasha Potgieter4. 1. Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA, South Africa. Electronic address: kabuejeanpierre@yahoo.fr. 2. School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. 3. School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, RSA, South Africa. 4. Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA, South Africa; Dean, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA, South Africa.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human Norovirus (NoV) is recognized as a major etiological agent of sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. OBJECTIVES: This study describes the clinical features associated with Human NoV occurrence in children and determines the prevalence and estimated viral burden of NoV in symptomatic and asymptomatic children in rural South Africa. STUDY DESIGN: Between July 2014 and April 2015, outpatient children under 5 years of age from rural communities of Vhembe district, South Africa, were enrolled for the study. A total of 303 stool specimens were collected from those with diarrhea (n=253) and without (n=50) diarrhea. NoVs were identified using real-time one-step RT-PCR. RESULTS: One hundred and four (41.1%) NoVs were detected (62[59.6%] GII, 16[15.4%] GI, and 26[25%] mixed GI/GII) in cases and 18 (36%) including 9(50%) GII, 2(11.1%) GI and 7(38.9%) mixed GI/GII in controls. NoV detection rates in symptomatic and asymptomatic children (OR=1.24; 95% CI 0.66⿿2.33) were not significantly different. Comparison of the median CT values for NoV in symptomatic and asymptomatic children revealed significant statistical difference of estimated GII viral load from both groups, with a much higher viral burden in symptomatic children. CONCLUSIONS: Though not proven predictive of diarrhea disease in this study, the high detection rate of NoV reflects the substantial exposure of children from rural communities to enteric pathogens possibly due to poor sanitation and hygiene practices. The results suggest that the difference between asymptomatic and symptomatic children with NoV may be at the level of the viral load of NoV genogroups involved. Copyright Â
BACKGROUND:HumanNorovirus (NoV) is recognized as a major etiological agent of sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. OBJECTIVES: This study describes the clinical features associated with Human NoV occurrence in children and determines the prevalence and estimated viral burden of NoV in symptomatic and asymptomatic children in rural South Africa. STUDY DESIGN: Between July 2014 and April 2015, outpatientchildren under 5 years of age from rural communities of Vhembe district, South Africa, were enrolled for the study. A total of 303 stool specimens were collected from those with diarrhea (n=253) and without (n=50) diarrhea. NoVs were identified using real-time one-step RT-PCR. RESULTS: One hundred and four (41.1%) NoVs were detected (62[59.6%] GII, 16[15.4%] GI, and 26[25%] mixed GI/GII) in cases and 18 (36%) including 9(50%) GII, 2(11.1%) GI and 7(38.9%) mixed GI/GII in controls. NoV detection rates in symptomatic and asymptomatic children (OR=1.24; 95% CI 0.66⿿2.33) were not significantly different. Comparison of the median CT values for NoV in symptomatic and asymptomatic children revealed significant statistical difference of estimated GII viral load from both groups, with a much higher viral burden in symptomatic children. CONCLUSIONS: Though not proven predictive of diarrhea disease in this study, the high detection rate of NoV reflects the substantial exposure of children from rural communities to enteric pathogens possibly due to poor sanitation and hygiene practices. The results suggest that the difference between asymptomatic and symptomatic children with NoV may be at the level of the viral load of NoV genogroups involved. Copyright Â
Authors: R Boom; C J Sol; M M Salimans; C L Jansen; P M Wertheim-van Dillen; J van der Noordaa Journal: J Clin Microbiol Date: 1990-03 Impact factor: 5.948
Authors: J Joukje Siebenga; Harry Vennema; Du-Ping Zheng; Jan Vinjé; Bonita E Lee; Xiao-Li Pang; Eric C M Ho; Wilina Lim; Avinash Choudekar; Shobha Broor; Tamar Halperin; Nassar B G Rasool; Joanne Hewitt; Gail E Greening; Miao Jin; Zhao-Jun Duan; Yalda Lucero; Miguel O'Ryan; Marina Hoehne; Eckart Schreier; Rodney M Ratcliff; Peter A White; Nobuhiro Iritani; Gábor Reuter; Marion Koopmans Journal: J Infect Dis Date: 2009-09-01 Impact factor: 5.226
Authors: M S R Ferreira; M Victoria; F A Carvalho-Costa; C B Vieira; M P T P Xavier; J M Fioretti; J Andrade; E M Volotão; M Rocha; J P G Leite; M P Miagostovich Journal: J Med Virol Date: 2010-08 Impact factor: 2.327
Authors: Casey L McAtee; Rachel Webman; Robert H Gilman; Carolina Mejia; Caryn Bern; Sonia Apaza; Susan Espetia; Mónica Pajuelo; Mayuko Saito; Roxanna Challappa; Richard Soria; Jose P Ribera; Daniel Lozano; Faustino Torrico Journal: Am J Trop Med Hyg Date: 2015-11-23 Impact factor: 2.345
Authors: Solanka Ellen Ledwaba; Piet Becker; Afsatou Traore-Hoffman; Natasha Potgieter Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2019-08-13 Impact factor: 3.390