The Dermacentor (Acari, Ixodida, Ixodidae) of Mexico: hosts, geographical distribution and new records.

Distribution and host data from published literature and previously unpublished collection records are provided for all nine species of the Holarctic tick genus Dermacentor that are known to occur in Mexico, as well as two species that may occur there. Parasite-host and host-parasite lists are presented, together with a gazetteer of collection localities and their geographical coordinates.

Introduction

The genus Koch, 1844 is a largely Holarctic group of ticks that may be characterized as follows: eyes and festoons present, basis capituli sub-rectangular, palps short and thick, and scutum usually ornate. Most species are three-host parasites of PageBreakmammals, although two Mexican species, (Packard) and Neumann, are one-host ticks. Adults of three-host species usually feed on medium-sized to large mammals, whereas immatures feed on small mammals. This group includes species that are important vectors of microorganisms causing disease in humans and domestic and wild animals (Cooley 1938, Yunker et al. 1986, Durden and Beati 2014).

In the Western Hemisphere, the genus currently comprises 14 species, if Neumann and Apanaskevich and Bermúdez are included (Guglielmone et al. 2010, Apanaskevich 2013, Apanaskevich and Bermúdez 2013). Collection records for Mexican species date to the first half of the 20th century. Hoffmann (1962) and Hoffmann and López-Campos (2000) recognized nine species in this country: , Cooley, McIntosh, Bishopp, Warburton, (formerly classified as both (Neumann) and (Neumann)), Marx, Neumann, and (Say). Chavarría (1941) stated that occurs in Mexico, but Hoffmann (1962) believed that is not an established Mexican species. Recently, nymphs of were recorded by Gordillo-Pérez et al. (2009) from vegetation in Tamaulipas, but this determination also requires confirmation. A second problematic Mexican species is Cooley, which was recorded by Cruz-Aldán et al. (2006) and is among the most poorly studied members of this genus (Apanaskevich and Bermúdez 2013). The presence or absence of both and in Mexico will have to be determined before our inventory of Mexican can be considered complete.

Material and methods

Bibliographic searches were conducted, using an array of public and proprietary databases (Biological Abstracts, BioOne, Biosis, CAB Abstracts, ISI Web of Knowledge), to locate published references to the species of that have been reported from Mexico. We then searched the (Biota version 1.6.1) to locate any unpublished collection records of Mexican . This work is divided into four sections. The first section is a parasite-host list organized alphabetically by tick species and Mexican state. Published tick collection records are presented in the following order: state (capitalized and in boldface), collection locality, host species, and reference(s). Where information is unavailable, we denote this as “ND” (Not Determined). For new records, we cite the number and sex or stage(s) (♀ = female, ♂ = male, N = nymph(s), L = larva(e)), locality, date, host name, and CNAC accession number. The second section is a host-parasite list, where hosts and their respective parasites are presented in alphabetical order. Mammalian names have been updated to accord with those of Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Ceballos (2014). The PageBreakthird section is a gazetteer of collection localities and their geographical coordinates. Where coordinates are not available for a specific locality, we reference the coordinates for the nearest municipality. The last section is a map, constructed using the program ArcGIS 9.3 (ESRI 2008), showing the distribution of species in Mexico (Fig. 3).

Figure 3.

Distribution map of species in Mexico. Due to the lack of specific locality data for the states of Guanajuato, Michoacán, Querétaro, Tlaxcala and Zacatecas, all species symbols in those states are solely indicators of occurrence there.

Colección Nacional de Ácaros database

Results

This work summarizes collection data for 11 species known or thought to occur in 31 of Mexico’s 32 federal entities. Mammals belonging to five orders are known to be parasitized by Mexican . Although records are provided here for and , it remains unclear whether these two species occur in the country.

Parasite-Host List

(Packard, 1869)

Figs 1A, 2A

Figure 1.

Females. A B , C D E F G H .

Figure 2.

Males. A B C D E F G .

Records. ND: east coast of Mexico, horses, asses, mules (Bishopp and Trembley 1945) (referenced as ); ND, ND (Vargas 1955); ND, cattle (Becklund 1968) (referenced as ). AGUASCALIENTES: Asientos, cattle (Hoffmann 1962); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). BAJA CALIFORNIA: Unidad de Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre (UMA) “El Tepi,” Sierra San Pedro Mártir, (Contreras et al. 2007). CAMPECHE: ND, ND (Hoffmann 1962); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000).CHIAPAS: Loma Bonita, Selva Lacandona, (Romero-Castañón et al. 2008); Flor de Marqués, Selva Lacandona, (Romero-Castañón et al. 2008); Flor de Marqués, Selva Lacandona, (Romero-Castañón et al. 2008); ND, horse (Guglielmone et al. 1990).CHIHUAHUA: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). COAHUILA: Ocampo, cattle, horses (Chavarría 1941); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). DISTRITO FEDERAL: Mexico City, horse (Keirans 1985). DURANGO: ND, cattle (Hoffmann 1962); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). ESTADO DE MÉXICO: Huehuetoca, cattle, horses (Chavarría 1941); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). GUERRERO: Arroyo, Taxco, ND (Hoffmann 1962) (CNAC002100). ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). GUANAJUATO: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). HIDALGO: Hacienda del Astillero, Huichapan, cattle (Hoffmann 1962) (CNAC002102); Sayula, cattle (Hoffmann 1962); Calcali (probably Calnali), ND PageBreakPageBreak(Hoffmann 1962) (CNAC002101); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). JALISCO: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). MICHOACÁN: ND, cattle, horses (Chavarría 1941); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). NAYARIT: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). NUEVO LEÓN: Sierra de San Antonio Peña Nevada, , , (Tijerina-Medina et al. 2006). QUERÉTARO: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). PUEBLA: ND, cattle, horses (Chavarría 1941); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). QUINTANA ROO: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983) (referenced as ). SAN LUIS POTOSÍ: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). SONORA: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). TABASCO: ND, ND (Hoffmann 1962); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). TAMAULIPAS: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). VERACRUZ: ND, cattle, horses (Chavarría 1941); Jilotepec, cattle (Hoffmann 1962); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). YUCATÁN: ND, cattle, horses (Chavarría 1941); Temax, ND (Hoffmann 1962); ND, horses, deer, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). ZACATECAS: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983).

Notes. Romero-Castañón et al. (2008) claim that Mexico is a new locality record for , but this species had earlier been recorded from this country by Hoffmann (1962).

New records. COAHUILA: 6♀, 3♂, Baca de Huachi, 2-II-1975, cattle (CNAC002105). VERACRUZ: 1♀, Jilotepec (CNAC002106).

Notes. Baca de Huachi probably refers to Bacadéhuachi; however, this locality is located in Sonora State.

Stiles, 1908

Records. ND: ND, ND (Vargas, 1955). CHIAPAS: Selva Lacandona, (Romero-Castañón et al. 2008) (Doubtful record). CHIHUAHUA: Ciudad Juárez, sheep (Chavarría 1941). TAMAULIPAS: ND, vegetation (Gordillo-Pérez et al. 2009).

Cooley, 1947

Figs 1B, 2B

Records. ND: ND, ND (Vargas 1955). CHIAPAS: Las Margaritas, about 45 km southeast of Comitán, horses (Cooley 1947); Unión Fronteriza (probably Unión Juárez), horses (Hoffmann 1962) (CNAC002127); ND, horses (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). GUERRERO: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). HIDALGO: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). MICHOACÁN: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). NUEVO LEÓN: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). OAXACA: Teotila, Cuicatlán (probably a PageBreakPageBreaklocality between Teotitlán and Cuicatlán), horses (Hoffmann 1962) (CNAC002128); ND, horses (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). PUEBLA: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). QUERÉTARO: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). VERACRUZ: Zongolica, horses (Kohls and Dalmat 1952); ND, horses (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000).

New records. CHIAPAS: 9♀, 2N, Ciudad Las Casas (probably San Cristóbal de las Casas), VII-1940, horses (CNAC002147). HIDALGO: 2♀, Tlahuiltepa, 21-XII-1980 (CNAC002104); 6♀, 1N, San Bartolo Tutotepec, 5-IV-1969 (CNAC002272). PUEBLA: 1♀, Puebla, 2-IV-1995 (CNAC002126). SINALOA: 1♀, Ocolomé, IX-1944, (CNAC002077). VERACRUZ: 4♀, Atescatitla (probably Atexcatitla, Zongolica), 31-I-1946 (CNAC002134).

McIntosh, 1931

Fig. 1C

Records. ND: ND, ND, (Vargas 1955); ND, ND (Meleney 1975); CHIAPAS: Ciudad Las Casas (probably San Cristóbal de las Casas), dogs (Hoffmann 1962), dogs (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000); La Sepultura, Reserva de la Biósfera, (Cruz-Aldán et al. 2006). SAN LUIS POTOSÍ: Taninul, human or vegetation (Fairchild et al. 1966); human, vegetation (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). SINALOA: Los Pozos, peccary (Fairchild et al. 1966); peccary (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000).VERACRUZ: Atescatitla (probably Atexcatitla, Zongolica), mules (Hoffmann 1962); Zongolica, cattle (Hoffmann 1962); mules, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). YUCATÁN: Chichén Itzá (Cooley 1938); mules, cattle (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000).

New records. JALISCO: 1♀, San Buenaventura, El Limón, 17-II- 1997, ND (CNAC005202)

Bishopp, 1912

Figs 1D, 2C

Records. ND: ND, ND (Vargas 1955). BAJA CALIFORNIA: La Rumorosa, human, vegetation, on ground (Williams 1976); ND, (Hoffmann 1962, Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000); Mexicali, (Crosbie et al. 1997); Cantil Canyon (probably Cañón Tajo-Cantil), (Crosbie et al. 1997). SONORA: Libertad (probably Puerto Libertad), ND (Cooley 1938); Libertad (probably Puerto Libertad), (Crosbie et al. 1997); Santa María, (Crosbie et al. 1997); ND, (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000).

Notes. The record from Libertad cited by Crosbie et al. (1997) is probably the same record in Cooley (1938).

New records. BAJA CALIFORNIA: 1♀, 78♂, Sierra de Camulaje (probably Sierra de Calamajué), 4-III-1974, (CNAC002136); 3♀, 17♂, ND, “wild sheep” (probably ) (CNAC002136).

Warburton, 1933

Figs 1E, 2D

Records. CHIAPAS: Selvas de El Ocote, Ocozocoautla, , , (Hoffmann 1962, Fairchild et al. 1966).

Notes. is considered a junior synonym of by Wilson and Reeder (2005), but Ramírez-Pulido et al. (2005) classify as a subspecies of .

The records of Hoffmann (1962) and Fairchild et al. (1966) are identical – both reference the same RML collection numbers.

New records. CHIAPAS: 1♂, Ocosingo, Frontera Corozal, Área Natural Protegida Lacandona, 12-X-2004, vegetation (CNAC005194). OAXACA: 1♀, Istmo de Tehuantepec, ND, okapi (sic) (CNAC005018).

Cooley, 1937

Record. CHIAPAS: La Sepultura, Reserva de la Biósfera, (Cruz-Aldán et al., 2006).

Neumann, 1897

Figs 1F, 2E

Records. ND: ND, ND (Hooker et al. 1912); east coast of Mexico, horses, asses, mules (Bishopp and Trembley 1945); ND, horses (Becklund 1968). CAMPECHE: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961); Rancho el Paraíso, cattle (Hoffmann 1962) (CNAC005176). CHIAPAS: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961); Huixtla, cattle (Hoffmann 1962); El Vergel (there are two localities with this name, located in two different municipalities: Chiapa de Corzo and Pijijiapan), horses (Hoffmann 1962); Ciudad las Casas (probably San Cristóbal de las Casas), horses (Hoffmann 1962); Zoológico regional “Miguel Álvarez del Toro,” (Cruz-Aldán et al. 2006); Flor de Marqués, Selva Lacandona (Romero-Castañón et al. 2008). CHIHUAHUA: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). COLIMA: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961); Colima, cattle (Hoffmann 1962). PageBreakDISTRITO FEDERAL: near Mexico City, cattle, horse, sheep (Keirans 1985). DURANGO: ND, horses, sheep (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961). ESTADO DE MÉXICO: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961). GUERRERO: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961). HIDALGO: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961). MICHOACÁN: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961). OAXACA: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961); Jesús Carranza (on the border of Veracruz and Oaxaca but situated in Veracruz State), ND (Keirans 1985). PUEBLA: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961). QUINTANA ROO: southeast of Peto, horses (Bequaert 1933). SAN LUIS POTOSÍ: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961). TAMAULIPAS: Ciudad Victoria, horse, donkey, mule (Hooker et al. 1912, Macías-Valadez 1923); Tampico, horse, donkey, mule (Hooker et al. 1912, Macías-Valadez 1923); Laguna Madre, horse (Drummond and Graham 1964). VERACRUZ: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961). YUCATÁN: ND, horses, cattle (Chavarría 1941); ND, cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs (Hoffmann 1961).

New records. CAMPECHE: 26♀, Candelaria, XI-1944, horse (CNAC005127); 17♀, Escárcega, XII-1944, horse (CNAC005093); 21♀, 1♂, 1N, Escárcega, XII-1944, horse (CNAC005126). CHIAPAS: 54♀, 44♂, Villa Flores (probably Villaflores), 6-XII-1983, horse (CNAC002087); 3♂, Rancho Agua Escondida, Villa Flores (probably Villaflores), 5-XII-1983, horse (CNAC002079). NAYARIT: 1♀, Acapareta (probably Acaponeta), 24-V-1981, horse (CNAC002295). OAXACA: 16♀, 14♂, 8N, Tlacamana (probably Tlacamama), 21-IV-1975, horse (CNAC002085); 7♀, 5♂, Cosolapa, VI-1950 (CNAC002081). PUEBLA: 6♀, 5♂, 2L, Huauchinango, VI-1927 (CNAC002083). QUINTANA ROO: 4♀, 11♂, Bacalar, VIII-1939, “tepezcuintle” (probably ) (CNAC002088). SINALOA: 1♀, Ocolomé, IX-1944, (CNAC002080). TABASCO: 26♀, 2 ♂, Macuspana, II- 1971, horses (CNAC002076); 3♂, Amaicote, 26-III-1971, horses (CNAC002266); 4♀, Amaicote, 26-III-1971, horses (CNAC002298). TAMAULIPAS: 1♀, 1♂, Rancho la Bolsa, Tampico (CNAC005158). VERACRUZ: 4♀, 3♂, Tuxtilla, IX-1939 (CNAC002086); 26♀, 16♂, 8N, Cosamaloapan, IX-1939, (CNAC002082); 6♀, 2♂, Veracruz, VII-1927 (CNAC002078); 3♀, Miahuapa (probably San Pedro Miahuapan), 14-IV-1949, deer (CNAC005083); 3♀, 11♂, Miahuapa (probably San Pedro Miahuapan), 14-XI-1949, horse (CNAC005054).

Marx, 1892

Records. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Tijuana, cattle (Secretaria de Agricultura y Fomento de México, 1926, 1930 in Hoffmann 1962); ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983); PageBreakUnidad de Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre (UMA) “El Tepi,” Sierra San Pedro Mátir, (Contreras et al. 2007); ND, (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). COAHUILA: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). SINALOA: Choix (Hoffmann 1925); ND, (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000).

Neumann, 1901

Figs 1G, 2F

Records. ND: ND, ND (Vargas 1955); ND, ND (Becklund 1968). BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de los Ángeles, (Ryckman and Ryckman 1963); ND, rabbits, hares (Hoffmann 1961). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: La Paz, (Hoffmann 1962); Todos Santos, rabbits (Hoffmann 1962) (CNAC002144); Puerto Chileno, hare (Hoffmann 1962) (CNAC002146). CHIAPAS: Ciudad Las Casas (probably San Cristóbal de las Casas), horses (Hoffmann 1962); ND, rabbits, hares (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). CHIHUAHUA: ND, cattle (Strickland and Gerrish 1965). COAHUILA: Región Lagunera, hares (Silva-Goytia and Elizondo 1952); ND, rabbits, hares (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). DISTRITO FEDERAL: ND, rabbits, hares (Hoffmann 1961, Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000); Camino al Desierto de los Leones, rabbits (Hoffmann 1962). DURANGO: Región Lagunera, hares (Silva-Goytia and Elizondo 1952); ND, rabbits, hares (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). HIDALGO: Ixmiquilpan, hares (Tovar 1944); ND, rabbits, hares (Hoffmann 1961; Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000); Actopan, rabbits (Hoffmann 1962) (CNAC002145); Taxquillo, rabbits (Hoffmann 1962) (CNAC002148). SAN LUIS POTOSÍ: San Luis Potosí, jack rabbits (Roberts 1934). SONORA: Cumuripa, hares (Hoffmann 1962) (CNAC002143); Guaymas, hares (Hoffmann 1962); ND, rabbits, hares (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000).

New records. DURANGO: 2♀, 2♂, Ejido 18 de Marzo, Durango, 16-VIII- 1976, hare (CNAC002149). DISTRITO FEDERAL: 1♀, 1♂, México D.F., rabbit (CNAC002141). SONORA: 1♀, 1♂, Guaymas, 15-VII-1924, hare (CNAC002140).

Note. In Hoffmann (1962), the record for Sonora: Guaymas is identical to our new record, except that the year is stated to be 1944, whereas the year on our collection label is 1924, and for that reason we consider our record to be different.

(Say, 1821)

Figs 1H, 2G

Records. ND: ND, ND (Neumann 1901); ND, ND (Hooker 1909); ND, ND (Hooker et al. 1912); ND, ND (Pinto 1930); ND, ND (Bishop and Trembley 1945); ND, PageBreakND (Vargas 1955). BAJA CALIFORNIA: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983); Unidad de Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre (UMA) “El Tepi,” Sierra San Pedro Mártir, (Contreras et al. 2007). CHIAPAS: ND, ND (Tovar 1945); cattle (Hoffmann 1961); Valle Central (Ortega-Gutiérrez 1979); ND, rabbits (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). CHIHUAHUA: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). COAHUILA: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). DURANGO: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983). ESTADO DE MÉXICO: ND, ND (Tovar 1945); cattle (Hoffmann 1961; Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000); ND, ear canal of goats (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). GUANAJUATO: ND, (Neumann 1901). HIDALGO: ND, ND (Tovar 1945); cattle (Hoffmann 1961, Hoffmann 1962, Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). NUEVO LEÓN: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983); ND, environment (Oliveira et al. 2010); Guadalupe, dog (Galaviz-Silva et al. 2013); Pesquería, dogs (Galaviz-Silva et al. 2013); Benito Juárez, dogs (Galaviz-Silva et al. 2013); Apodaca, dogs (Galaviz-Silva et al. 2013); Estanzuela, dogs (Galaviz-Silva et al. 2013); Guadalupe, dogs (Galaviz-Silva et al. 2013); Escobedo, dogs (Galaviz-Silva et al. 2013); San Nicolás de los Garza, dogs (Galaviz-Silva et al. 2013). SAN LUIS POTOSÍ: ND, ND (Tovar 1945). OAXACA: ND, ND (Tovar 1945); cattle (Hoffmann 1961, Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). PUEBLA: ND, ND (Hoffmann 1962). SAN LUIS POTOSÍ: cattle (Hoffmann 1961); Venado, cattle (Hoffmann 1962); ND, deer (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). SONORA: cattle (Hoffmann 1961); El Maquipo, hares (Hoffmann 1962); ND, hares (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). TAMAULIPAS: Soto La Marina, Rancho La Pesca (Chavarría 1941); Soto La Marina, Hacienda Espíritu Santo (Chavarría 1941); ND, ND (Tovar 1945); cattle (Hoffmann 1961, Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). TLAXCALA: ND, ND (Hoffmann 1962); ND, hares (Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). YUCATÁN: Chichén Itzá, vegetation (Bequaert 1933); cattle (Hoffmann 1961, Hoffmann and López-Campos 2000). ZACATECAS: ND, ND (Woodham et al. 1983).

New records. COAHUILA: 1♀, 1♂, San Patricio, Villa Unión, 19-V-1975, bovine (CNAC002152). NUEVO LEÓN: 2♀, 3♂, Anahuac, 26-VI-1976, wildcat (CNAC002151). TAMAULIPAS: 2♀, 1♂, Los tres Garcia, Reynosa, 26-VIII-1976, (CNAC002159); 1♀, 1♂ Matamoros, 19-IV-1999, (CNAC002240).

Host-parasite List

Vegetation

Deer

Goats

Sheep

Wild sheep

Peccary

Hares

Rabbits

Mules

Discussion

The first species records of the genus in Mexico were made by Hooker (1909) and Hooker et al. (1912), who referenced Mexican specimens of and , two species of veterinary importance. The next species recorded from this country was , cited by Hoffmann (1925) from Choix, Sinaloa. During the 1930s and 1940s, , , , , and were recorded from Mexico for the first time. Most recently, records have been published for (Vargas 1955), (Hoffmann, 1962), and (Cruz-Aldán et al. 2006).

According to Apanaskevich and Bermúdez (2013), , which was described from specimens collected in Central America, has long been confused with . In Mexico, what we consider bona fide specimens of have been recorded in the southern part of the country, in the states of Chiapas, Yucatán and Veracruz, PageBreakbut there remains the possibility that may also be found in this region. Until fresh specimens of both species become available for molecular and morphological analysis, we accept the Mexican distribution of as described herein.

Based on literature records, 11 species of are known from Mexico, which represents 31.4% of the total number of species (35) generally recognized worldwide. However, there are two species – and – whose occurrence in the country needs to be confirmed. is a species of the northern Nearctic, missing from most of the North American Southwest, so the record from Chiapas seems doubtful. Moreover, the record from Tamaulipas is based on nymphs, which can be difficult to accurately determine to species, and the record from Chihuahua is suspect because Chavarría (1941) states that his tick specimens may have been collected on sheep transiting customs in Ciudad Juárez. On the other hand, is known only from in Chiapas (Cruz-Aldán et al. 2006). This is a little-studied tick that is also thought to be endangered (Mihalca et al. 2011), and for that reason its occurrence in Mexico requires confirmation. Among the other nine species, the most widespread is (26 Mexican states), followed by (20), and (18). In contrast, and are both known from only two Mexican states. , , , and all occur in both the Neotropical and Nearctic Zoogeographic Regions. and are chiefly regarded as Nearctic species, while is considered a Neotropical species. Guglielmone et al. (2014) classify as a Nearctic tick, but we have found records from the southern Mexican state of Chiapas; these may represent a misidentification, so we cannot conclude that this species’ range extends into the Neotropics.

We have located records of species from all federal entities in Mexico except Morelos (Figure 3). The Mexican states with the largest number of localities in which ticks have been collected are Chiapas (17 localities), followed by Nuevo León (9 localities), and Hidalgo, Tamaulipas and Veracruz (8 localities each). In some cases there is a record for a state, but the collection locality is unknown (Guanajuato, Michoacán, Querétaro, Tlaxcala and Zacatecas).

Artiodactyl and perissodactyl mammals are common hosts of species. is usually associated with these large mammal hosts, although we found that this species can also be associated with rodents (, and ). Unfortunately, however, no information is available concerning the stages of found on rodent hosts. is more of a generalist species, found on hosts as diverse as and . Somewhat surprisingly, in Mexico only and have been reported to parasitize humans. Mexican records of are scarce and confined to Chiapas and Oaxaca, where this tick is associated with .

Except for , and , all Mexican species are represented in the CNAC. Even so, our understanding of the distribution and host relationships of this genus in Mexico is far from complete, and for that reason additional collections are urgently needed, so that we may better comprehend the biology, systematics, ecology, and zoogeography of this biomedically important genus.

List of localities

	Latitude N	Longitude W
East coast of Mexico	ND	ND
AGUASCALIENTES
Asientos	22°14'18.69"	102°5'21.92"
BAJA CALIFORNIA
Cantil Canyon (probably Canón Tajo-Cantil)	32°15'50"	115°52'54"
Bahía de los Ángeles	28°57'5.07"	113°33'36.11"
La Rumorosa	32°31'37.93"	116°4'15.86"
Sierra de Camulaje (probably Sierra de Calamajué)	29°38'13"	114°6'39"
Tijuana	32°30'53.73"	117°2'18.37"
Unidad de Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre (UMA) “El Tepi” Sierra San Pedro Mártir	31°04'36"	115°16 ’ 31’’
Mexicali	32°37'26"	115°27'5"
BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR
La Paz	24°8'33.28"	110°18'46.86"
Puerto Chileno	22°56'51"	109°48'27"
Todos Santos	23°27'23.07"	110°13'49.04"
CAMPECHE
Candelaria	18°11'30.08"	91°2'28.68"
Campeche	19°49'49.98"	90°32'4.42"
Escárcega	18°36'32.14"	90°44'46.2"
Rancho el Paraíso	18°39'38.23"	91°46'19.84"
CHIAPAS
Ciudad Las Casas (probably San Cristóbal de las Casas)	16°44'12"	92°38'18"
El Vergel (there are two localities with this name, located in two different municipalities: Chiapa de Corzo and Pijijiapan)
El Vergel, Chiapa de Corzo	16°39'6"	93°00'47"
El Vergel, Pijijiapan	15°38'33"	92°58'21"
Flor de Marqués, Selva Lacandona	16°09'	90°52'
Huixtla	15°8'15.9"	92°27'57"
La Sepultura, Reserva de la Biosfera	16°00" and 16°29"	93°24" and 94°07"
Las Margaritas, abouth 45 km south Comitán	16°19'0"	91°58'57"
Loma Bonita, Selva Lacandona	16°05'	90°58'
Ocosingo Frontera Corozal, Área natural protegida Lacandona	16°49'16"	90°53'25"
Rancho Agua Escondida, Villa Flores (probably Villaflores)	16°14'4.01"	93°27'31.03"
Selva Lacandona	ND	ND
Selvas de El Ocote Ocozocoautla	16°31'56"	93°28'31"
Unión Fronteriza (probably Unión Juárez)	15°4'0"	92°5'0"
Valle Central	ND	ND
Villa Flores (probably Villaflores)	16°14'4.01"	93°27'31.03"
Zoológico regional “Miguel Álvarez del Toro”	16°43'30"	93°5'38.1"
CHIHUAHUA
Ciudad Juárez	31°41'28.48"	106°25'28.2"
COAHUILA
Baca de Huachi (probably Bacadéhuachi in Sonora State)	29°48'35"	109°8'28"
Ocampo	27.316261	102.405747
Región Lagunera	ND	ND
San Patricio, Villa Unión	28°13'25"	100°43'47"
COLIMA
Colima	19°14'42.7"	103°43'28"
DISTRITO FEDERAL
Camino al Desierto de los Leones	19°19'1.6"	99°18'20.74"
Near Mexico City	ND	ND
Mexico City	19°21'11"	99°8'14"
DURANGO
Ejido 18 de Marzo	25°43'54.4"	103°21'28.3"
Región Lagunera	ND	ND
ESTADO DE MÉXICO
Huehuetoca	19°50'5.75"	99°12'11.09"
GUERRERO
Arroyo, Taxco	18°32'33.03"	99°36'47.86"
GUANAJUATO
	ND	ND
HIDALGO
Actopan	20°16'27.58"	98°56'17.44"
Calcali (probably Calnali)	20°53'57.12"	98°35'19.1"
Hacienda del Astillero, Huichapan	20°22'16.78"	99°39'39.45"
Ixmiquilpan	20°29'03"	99°13'08"
San Bartolo Tutotepec	20°29'1.64"	98°11'41.82"
Sayula	20°12'3"	99°24'1"
Taxquillo	20°34'32.98"	99°20'31.34"
Tlahuiltepa	20°55'26.65"	98°57'2.26"
JALISCO
San Buenaventura, El Limón	21°59'48.98"	103°34'12.97"
MICHOACÁN
	ND	ND
NAYARIT
Acapareta (Acaponeta)	22°27'52.2"	105 14 55.89"
NUEVO LEÓN
Anáhuac	27°22'29.56"	100°4'47.74"
Apodaca	25°47'00"	100°11'00"
Benito Juárez	25°39'00"	100°05'00"
Escobedo	25°48'30"	100°19'36"
Estanzuela	25°32'60"	100°16'15"
Guadalupe	25°40'39"	100°15'35"
Nicolás de los Garza	25°46'00"	100°17'00"
Pesquería	25°47'00"	100°3'00"
San Antonio Peña Nevada	23°44'38.99"	101°0'36"
OAXACA
Cosolapa	18°35'2.65"	96°39'11.3"
Teotila, Cuicatlán (probably a road between Teotitlán and Cuicatlán)	17°55'33"	97°0'21"
Istmo de Tehuantepec	ND	ND
Oaxaca	17°5'00"	96°45'00"
Tlacamana (probably Tlacamama)	16°26'48.51"	98°6'42.73"
PUEBLA
Huauchinango	20°10'30.14"	98°3'42.76"
Puebla	19°3'5"	98°13'4"
QUERÉTARO
	ND	ND
QUINTANA ROO
Bacalar	18°40'18.84"	88°23'53.62"
Southeast of Peto	19°59'11"	88°43'14"
SAN LUIS POTOSÍ
San Luis Potosí	22°08'59"	100°58'30"
Taninul	21°56'09"	98°53'19"
Venado	22°56'00"	101°5'34"
SINALOA
Choix	26°42'36"	108°19'34"
Los Pozos	23°00'40"	106°9'12"
Ocolomé	26°26'50.81"	108°36'30.67"
SONORA
Baca de Huachi (probably Bacadéhuachi in Sonora State)	29°48'35"	109°8'28"
Cumuripa	28°9'11.41"	109°54'35.06"
El Maquipo	26°43'35"	108°43'10"
Guaymas	28°6'10.8"	111°1'47.81"
Libertad (probably Puerto Libertad)	29°54'15"	112°40'59"
Santa María	28°8'30"	110°41'35"
TABASCO
Amaicote	17°29'5.2"	93°30'41.32"
Macuspana	17°53'13.27"	92°25'11.42"
TAMAULIPAS
Ciudad Victoria	23°44'00"	99°8'00"
Hacienda Espíritu Santo, Soto La Marina	23°46'8"	98°12'19"
Laguna Madre	ND	ND
Los Tres García, Reynosa	25°49'36.15"	98°17'6.03"
Matamoros	25°37'7.93"	97°29'18.56"
Rancho la Bolsa, Tampico	22°15'57.34"	97°52'24.99"
Rancho La Pesca, Soto La Marina	23°47'16"	97°46'30"
Tampico	22°15'19"	97°52'7"
TLAXCALA
	ND	ND
VERACRUZ
Atescatitla (probably Atexcatitla, Zongolica)	18°33'25"	96°52'46"
Cosamaloapan	18°22'0.8"	95°47'40.77"
Jesús Carranza	17°26'06"	95°1'44"
Jilotepec	19°36'41"	96°56'58"
Miahuapa (probably San Pedro Miahuapan)	20°35'40.12"	97°40'18.58"
Tuxtilla	18°11'43.43"	95°51'54.75"
Veracruz	19°11'57"	96°8'16"
Zongolica	18°40'17.54"	97°0'5.22"
YUCATÁN
Chichen Itzá	20°40'59"	88°34'07"
Temax	21°2'55"	89°2'20"
ZACATECAS
	ND	ND