Carmen Fernandez1, Nicole M Kasper2, Alison L Miller3, Julie C Lumeng4, Karen E Peterson5. 1. Departments of Epidemiology. 2. Nutritional Sciences, and University of Colorado Pediatric Nutrition Section and Rocky Mountain Prevention Research Center, Denver, Colorado; 3. Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; 4. Nutritional Sciences, and Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and. 5. Nutritional Sciences, and Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Nutrition and Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts karenep@umich.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dietary variety and diversity are recommended in dietary guidelines, but their association with BMI in US preschool-aged children is unknown. This study examined predictors of dietary variety and diversity and their association with child BMI z score (BMIz). METHODS: Primary caregivers responded to a food frequency questionnaire. Child anthropometry was obtained concurrently (n = 340) and prospectively (n = 264). Dietary variety scores and dietary diversity scores were computed. Multivariable linear regression was used to model predictors of these scores and their association with BMIz concurrently and BMIz change per year prospectively. RESULTS: The sample was 49.4% boys; 69.4% of the primary caregivers were non-Hispanic white and 46.2% had a high school education or less. Girls and older children had greater Fruit and Vegetable Variety (gender: P = .03, age: P < .001), Healthy Foods Variety (P = .02, P < .001), and Dietary Diversity (P = .04, P = .03) scores. Older children also had greater scores for Overall Variety (P < .001) and Moderation Foods (eg, high-fat, high-sugar foods recommended to be consumed in moderation) (P < .001). Having a non-Hispanic white primary caregiver (versus not) was associated with lower Dietary Diversity (P = .01). Greater Healthy Variety, Overall Variety, and Dietary Diversity were associated with greater annual increases in BMIz prospectively (β[SE] = 0.009 [0.004], P = .04; β[SE] = 0.007 [0.003], P = .02; β[SE] = 0.003 [0.001], P = .02, respectively), adjusted for energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: Greater dietary variety and diversity were prospectively associated with higher BMIz. Targeting dietary variety and diversity as an obesity prevention strategy in children requires careful consideration.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dietary variety and diversity are recommended in dietary guidelines, but their association with BMI in US preschool-aged children is unknown. This study examined predictors of dietary variety and diversity and their association with child BMI z score (BMIz). METHODS: Primary caregivers responded to a food frequency questionnaire. Child anthropometry was obtained concurrently (n = 340) and prospectively (n = 264). Dietary variety scores and dietary diversity scores were computed. Multivariable linear regression was used to model predictors of these scores and their association with BMIz concurrently and BMIz change per year prospectively. RESULTS: The sample was 49.4% boys; 69.4% of the primary caregivers were non-Hispanic white and 46.2% had a high school education or less. Girls and older children had greater Fruit and Vegetable Variety (gender: P = .03, age: P < .001), Healthy Foods Variety (P = .02, P < .001), and Dietary Diversity (P = .04, P = .03) scores. Older children also had greater scores for Overall Variety (P < .001) and Moderation Foods (eg, high-fat, high-sugar foods recommended to be consumed in moderation) (P < .001). Having a non-Hispanic white primary caregiver (versus not) was associated with lower Dietary Diversity (P = .01). Greater Healthy Variety, Overall Variety, and Dietary Diversity were associated with greater annual increases in BMIz prospectively (β[SE] = 0.009 [0.004], P = .04; β[SE] = 0.007 [0.003], P = .02; β[SE] = 0.003 [0.001], P = .02, respectively), adjusted for energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: Greater dietary variety and diversity were prospectively associated with higher BMIz. Targeting dietary variety and diversity as an obesity prevention strategy in children requires careful consideration.
Authors: Marieke L A de Hoog; Ken P Kleinman; Matthew W Gillman; Tanja G M Vrijkotte; Manon van Eijsden; Elsie M Taveras Journal: Public Health Nutr Date: 2013-05-07 Impact factor: 4.022
Authors: Kristen M Hurley; Sarah E Oberlander; Brian C Merry; Margaret M Wrobleski; Ann C Klassen; Maureen M Black Journal: J Nutr Date: 2008-12-11 Impact factor: 4.798
Authors: Casandra Madrigal; María José Soto-Méndez; Ángela Hernández-Ruiz; Teresa Valero; José Manuel Ávila; Emma Ruiz; Federico Lara Villoslada; Rosaura Leis; Emilio Martínez de Victoria; José Manuel Moreno; Rosa M Ortega; María Dolores Ruiz-López; Gregorio Varela-Moreiras; Ángel Gil Journal: Nutrients Date: 2020-03-25 Impact factor: 5.717