Thomas Beyer1, Martin L Lassen2, Ronald Boellaard3,4, Gaspar Delso5,6, Maqsood Yaqub7, Bernhard Sattler8, Harald H Quick9,10. 1. Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, General Hospital Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20/4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria. thomas.beyer@meduniwien.ac.at. 2. Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, General Hospital Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20/4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria. 3. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.boellaard@umcg.nl. 4. Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. r.boellaard@umcg.nl. 5. Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 6. GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA. 7. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 8. Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. 9. Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. 10. High Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We assess inter- and intra-subject variability of magnetic resonance (MR)-based attenuation maps (MRμMaps) of human subjects for state-of-the-art positron emission tomography (PET)/MR imaging systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four healthy male subjects underwent repeated MR imaging with a Siemens Biograph mMR, Philips Ingenuity TF and GE SIGNA PET/MR system using product-specific MR sequences and image processing algorithms for generating MRμMaps. Total lung volumes and mean attenuation values in nine thoracic reference regions were calculated. Linear regression was used for comparing lung volumes on MRμMaps. Intra- and inter-system variability was investigated using a mixed effects model. RESULTS: Intra-system variability was seen for the lung volume of some subjects, (p = 0.29). Mean attenuation values across subjects were significantly different (p < 0.001) due to different segmentations of the trachea. Differences in the attenuation values caused noticeable intra-individual and inter-system differences that translated into a subsequent bias of the corrected PET activity values, as verified by independent simulations. CONCLUSION: Significant differences of MRμMaps generated for the same subjects but different PET/MR systems resulted in differences in attenuation correction factors, particularly in the thorax. These differences currently limit the quantitative use of PET/MR in multi-center imaging studies.
OBJECTIVE: We assess inter- and intra-subject variability of magnetic resonance (MR)-based attenuation maps (MRμMaps) of human subjects for state-of-the-art positron emission tomography (PET)/MR imaging systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four healthy male subjects underwent repeated MR imaging with a Siemens Biograph mMR, Philips Ingenuity TF and GE SIGNA PET/MR system using product-specific MR sequences and image processing algorithms for generating MRμMaps. Total lung volumes and mean attenuation values in nine thoracic reference regions were calculated. Linear regression was used for comparing lung volumes on MRμMaps. Intra- and inter-system variability was investigated using a mixed effects model. RESULTS: Intra-system variability was seen for the lung volume of some subjects, (p = 0.29). Mean attenuation values across subjects were significantly different (p < 0.001) due to different segmentations of the trachea. Differences in the attenuation values caused noticeable intra-individual and inter-system differences that translated into a subsequent bias of the corrected PET activity values, as verified by independent simulations. CONCLUSION: Significant differences of MRμMaps generated for the same subjects but different PET/MR systems resulted in differences in attenuation correction factors, particularly in the thorax. These differences currently limit the quantitative use of PET/MR in multi-center imaging studies.
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