| Literature DB >> 26176747 |
Maria Laura da Costa Louzada1, Ana Paula Bortoletto Martins2, Daniela Silva Canella2, Larissa Galastri Baraldi1, Renata Bertazzi Levy2, Rafael Moreira Claro2, Jean-Claude Moubarac2, Geoffrey Cannon2, Carlos Augusto Monteiro2.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of consuming ultra-processed foods on the nutritional dietary profile in Brazil. METHODS Cross-sectional study conducted with data from the module on individual food consumption from the 2008-2009 Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF - Brazilian Family Budgets Survey). The sample, which represented the section of the Brazilian population aged 10 years or over, involved 32,898 individuals. Food consumption was evaluated by two 24-hour food records. The consumed food items were classified into three groups: natural or minimally processed, including culinary preparations with these foods used as a base; processed; and ultra-processed. RESULTS The average daily energy consumption per capita was 1,866 kcal, with 69.5% being provided by natural or minimally processed foods, 9.0% by processed foods and 21.5% by ultra-processed food. The nutritional profile of the fraction of ultra-processed food consumption showed higher energy density, higher overall fat content, higher saturated and trans fat, higher levels of free sugar and less fiber, protein, sodium and potassium, when compared to the fraction of consumption related to natural or minimally processed foods. Ultra-processed foods presented generally unfavorable characteristics when compared to processed foods. Greater inclusion of ultra-processed foods in the diet resulted in a general deterioration in the dietary nutritional profile. The indicators of the nutritional dietary profile of Brazilians who consumed less ultra-processed foods, with the exception of sodium, are the stratum of the population closer to international recommendations for a healthy diet. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study highlight the damage to health that is arising based on the observed trend in Brazil of replacing traditional meals, based on natural or minimally processed foods, with ultra-processed foods. These results also support the recommendation of avoiding the consumption of these kinds of foods.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26176747 PMCID: PMC4544452 DOI: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049006132
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
Absolute and relative consumption averages of natural or minimally processed foods, processed foods and ultra-processed foods in the Brazilian population aged 10 years or over (2008-2009).
| Food group and consumable items | Kcal/day | % of total energy intake |
|---|---|---|
| Natural or minimally processed foods (including culinary preparations using them as base) | 1275.5 | 69.5 |
| Rice | 226.0 | 12.6 |
| Beans | 189.6 | 10.3 |
| Beef or pork | 188.7 | 10.0 |
| Fruitsa | 132.7 | 7.0 |
| Other cerealsb | 110.6 | 6.0 |
| Milk | 96.1 | 5.4 |
| Poultry | 88.1 | 4.9 |
| Roots and tubers | 78.0 | 3.9 |
| Coffee and tea | 47.7 | 2.9 |
| Fish | 33.2 | 1.7 |
| Vegetables | 21.7 | 1.4 |
| Eggs | 24.4 | 1.4 |
| Other natural or minimally processed foodsc | 38.6 | 2.0 |
| Processed foods | 167.1 | 9.0 |
| French bread | 126.3 | 6.9 |
| Cheeses | 21.4 | 1.1 |
| Processed meat | 17.7 | 0.9 |
| Canned fruits and vegetables | 1.8 | 0.1 |
| Ultra-processed foods | 423.4 | 21.5 |
| Cakes, pies and cookies | 62.4 | 3.0 |
| Fast food dishesd | 55.9 | 2.9 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 51.5 | 2.6 |
| Sliced bread, hamburger, hot dog and @similar baps | 42.2 | 2.4 |
| Confectionarye | 47.8 | 2.2 |
| Crackers and chips | 39.9 | 2.0 |
| Sausages | 27.7 | 1.5 |
| Ready or semi-ready mealsf | 55.9 | 1.7 |
| Sweetened dairy drinks | 31.7 | 1.6 |
| Other ultra-processed foodsg | 29.2 | 1.5 |
| Total | 1866.0 | 100 |
a Including juices squeezed from fruit.
b Corn, oats and wheat and their flours and preparations such as couscous and pasta dishes
c Nuts and seeds, plain yogurt, preparations with a lentil base, peas, soy, seafood and preparations made with mixtures of various foods.
d Burgers of all kinds, hotdogs, fried and baked snacks or similar.
e Candies, chocolates, gelatin, flan and ice cream.
f Pizzas, frozen pasta or meat dishes, instant noodles and powdered soups.
g Margarine, processed sauces and breakfast cereals.
Distribution (%) of total energy intake according to food groups and consumption items in strata of the Brazilian population aged 10 years or over referring to quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption (2008-2009).
| Food group and consumable items | Quintile of ultra-processed food consumption (% of total energy) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |
| Natural or minimally processed foods and culinary preparations using them as base | 87.8 | 79.9 | 72.4 | 62.7 | 44.9h |
| Rice | 17.1 | 14.6 | 13.0 | 10.8 | 7.8h |
| Beans | 14.7 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 8.7 | 5.7h |
| Beef or pork | 12.1 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 9.2 | 6.7h |
| Fruita | 6.2 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 6.2 |
| Other cerealsb | 7.5 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 4.0h |
| Milk | 5.4 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 4.1h |
| Poultry | 5.5 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 3.3h |
| Roots and tubers | 5.8 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 2.3h |
| Coffee and tea | 4.2 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 1.4h |
| Fish | 3.2 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.5h |
| Vegetables | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.0 |
| Eggs | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.7h |
| Other foods, their preparations and mixed preparationsc | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.2h |
| Processed foods | 10.4 | 10.5 | 9.7 | 8.5 | 5.8h |
| French bread | 8.1 | 8.4 | 7.6 | 6.4 | 4.2h |
| Cheese | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.1h |
| Processed meat | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.5h |
| Canned fruits and @vegetables | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1h |
| Ultra-processed foods | 1.8 | 9.6 | 17.9 | 28.7 | 49.2h |
| Cakes, tarts and cookies | 0.2 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 7.5h |
| Fast food dishesd | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 3.8 | 8.0h |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 0.4 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 5.0h |
| Sliced bread, hamburger, hot dog and other processed breads | 0.1 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 4.3h |
| Confectionarye | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 6.0h |
| Crackers and chips | 0.3 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 4.0h |
| Processed meats | 0.2 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.5h |
| Ready or semi-ready mealsf | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 6.1h |
| Sweetened dairy drinks | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 4.2h |
| Other productsg | 0.4 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.7h |
| Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h See Table 1.
h p < 0.001 for the linear tendency of the variation from the contribution of the item based on the quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption.
Averages of nutritional indicators, from food consumption in the Brazilian population aged 10 years or over, and the fraction of this consumption referring to the groups containing in natura or minimally processed foods, processed foods and ultra-processed foods (2008-2009).
| Indicator | Fraction of food consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total food consumption | Natural or minimally processed food | Processed foods | Ultra-processed foods | Recommended values for the indicators | |
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 1866.0 | 1275.5 | 167.1 | 423.4a | – |
| Percentage contribution to the total energy of: | |||||
| Protein | 17.2 | 19.5 | 15.7 | 8.6a | 10-15c |
| Carbohydrates | 56.2 | 55.6 | 63.7 | 54.4a | 55-75c |
| Free sugar | 15.4 | 13.5 | 0.6 | 29.2a | < 10c |
| Fats | 26.9 | 24.8 | 20.6 | 37.0a | 15-30c |
| Saturated fat | 9.4 | 8.4 | 9.5 | 12.0a | < 10c |
| Trans fat | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 5.0a | < 1c |
| Energy density (kcal/g)a | 1.7 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 3.7a | 1.25-1.45d |
| Fiber density (g/1,000 kcal) | 11.1 | 13.4 | 6.5 | 4.5a | > 12.5b,e |
| Sodium density (g/1,000 kcal) | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 1.4a | < 1f |
| Potassium density (mg/1,000 kcal) | 1275.4 | 1583.7 | 584.1 | 604.6a | ≥ 1,755f |
a Value significantly different (p < 0.05) from the estimated value for in natura or minimally processed food and processed foods.
b Energy density only calculated for the solid fraction of the diet, referring to the sum of the calories from solid foods divided by the amount of these foods in grams.
c World Health Organization (WHO). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
d World Cancer Research Foundation (WCRF). Energy density: finding the balance for cancer prevention. London: World Cancer Research Foundation; 2009.
e Recommended value based on a 2,000 kcal diet.
f World Health Organization (WHO). World Health Organization issues new guidance on dietary salt and potassium. Geneva; 2013. Recommended value based on a 2,000 kcal diet.
Averages of nutritional indicators from food consumption by strata of the Brazilian population aged 10 years or over, referring to quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption (2008-2009).
| Indicador | Quintile of ultra-processed food consumption (% of total energy) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 1707.9 | 1794.4 | 1841.0 | 1920.4 | 2066.8b |
| Energy density (kcal/g)a | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.9b |
| Percentage contribution to the total energy of: | |||||
| Protein | 19.3 | 18.2 | 17.3 | 16.3 | 14.8b |
| Carbohydrate | 56.7 | 56.5 | 56.2 | 56.1 | 55.6b |
| Free sugar | 10.9 | 13.1 | 15.0 | 17.6 | 20.2b |
| Total fat | 23.8 | 25.4 | 26.8 | 28.1 | 30.4b |
| Saturated fat | 7.9 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 10.0 | 11.5b |
| Trans fat | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.9b |
| Nutrient density: | |||||
| Fiber (g/1,000 kcal) | 13.0 | 11.9 | 11.3 | 10.3 | 8.9b |
| Sodium (g/1,000 kcal) | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6b |
| Potassium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 1414.2 | 1347.8 | 1309.7 | 1230.6 | 1074.6b |
a See Table 3.
b p < 0.05 for the linear tendency of the variation of the indicator based on the quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption
Médias do consumo absoluto e relativo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, de alimentos processados e de alimentos ultraprocessados na população brasileira com 10 ou mais anos de idade (2008-2009).
| Grupo de alimentos e itens de consumo | Kcal/dia | % da ingestão total de energia |
|---|---|---|
| Alimentos | 1275,5 | 69,5 |
| Arroz | 226,0 | 12,6 |
| Feijão | 189,6 | 10,3 |
| Carne de boi ou de porco | 188,7 | 10,0 |
| Frutasa | 132,7 | 7,0 |
| Outros cereaisb | 110,6 | 6,0 |
| Leite | 96,1 | 5,4 |
| Carne de ave | 88,1 | 4,9 |
| Raízes e tubérculos | 78,0 | 3,9 |
| Café e chás | 47,7 | 2,9 |
| Peixes | 33,2 | 1,7 |
| Verduras e legumes | 21,7 | 1,4 |
| Ovos | 24,4 | 1,4 |
| Outros alimentos | 38,6 | 2,0 |
| Alimentos processados | 167,1 | 9,0 |
| Pão francês | 126,3 | 6,9 |
| Queijos | 21,4 | 1,1 |
| Carnes processadas | 17,7 | 0,9 |
| Conservas de frutas e hortaliças | 1,8 | 0,1 |
| Alimentos ultraprocessados | 423,4 | 21,5 |
| Bolos, tortas e biscoitos doces | 62,4 | 3,0 |
| Lanches do tipo | 55,9 | 2,9 |
| Refrigerantes e sucos de frutas industrializados | 51,5 | 2,6 |
| Pães de forma, de hamburguer, de | 42,2 | 2,4 |
| Guloseimase | 47,8 | 2,2 |
| Bolachas salgadas e salgadinhos tipo | 39,9 | 2,0 |
| Embutidos | 27,7 | 1,5 |
| Pratos prontos ou semiprontosf | 55,9 | 1,7 |
| Bebidas lácteas adoçadas | 31,7 | 1,6 |
| Outros alimentos ultraprocessadosg | 29,2 | 1,5 |
| Total | 1866,0 | 100 |
a Incluem sucos espremidos das frutas.
b Milho, aveia e trigo e suas farinhas e preparações como cuscuz e pratos de macarrão.
c Nozes e sementes, iogurte natural, preparações à base de lentilha, ervilha, soja, frutos do mar e preparações feitas com misturas de vários alimentos.
d Hambúrguer e cheeseburguer, hot dog, salgados fritos e assados e semelhantes.
e Balas, confeitos, chocolates, gelatina, pudins e sorvetes.
f Pizzas, pratos de massa ou de carne congelados, macarrão instantâneo e sopas em pó.
g Margarina, molhos industrializados e cereais matinais.
Distribuição (%) da ingestão total de energia segundo grupos de alimentos e itens de consumo em estratos da população brasileira com 10 ou mais anos de idade correspondentes a quintis do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (2008-2009).
| Grupo de alimentos e itens de consumo | Quintil de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (% do total de energia) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |
| Alimentos | 87,8 | 79,9 | 72,4 | 62,7 | 44,9h |
| Arroz | 17,1 | 14,6 | 13,0 | 10,8 | 7,8h |
| Feijão | 14,7 | 12,0 | 10,8 | 8,7 | 5,7h |
| Carne de boi ou de porco | 12,1 | 11,2 | 10,6 | 9,2 | 6,7h |
| Frutasa | 6,2 | 7,4 | 7,7 | 7,5 | 6,2 |
| Outros cereaisb | 7,5 | 7,0 | 6,0 | 5,5 | 4,0h |
| Leite | 5,4 | 5,9 | 5,9 | 5,6 | 4,1h |
| Carne de ave | 5,5 | 5,8 | 5,1 | 4,7 | 3,3h |
| Raízes e tubérculos | 5,8 | 4,6 | 3,7 | 3,2 | 2,3h |
| Café e chás | 4,2 | 3,5 | 2,8 | 2,4 | 1,4h |
| Peixes | 3,2 | 2,3 | 1,6 | 1,0 | 0,5h |
| Verduras e legumes | 1,4 | 1,5 | 1,6 | 1,4 | 1,0 |
| Ovos | 2,0 | 1,7 | 1,4 | 1,2 | 0,7h |
| Outros alimentos e suas preparações e preparações mistasc | 2,7 | 2,3 | 2,1 | 1,7 | 1,2h |
| Alimentos processados | 10,4 | 10,5 | 9,7 | 8,5 | 5,8h |
| Pão francês | 8,1 | 8,4 | 7,6 | 6,4 | 4,2h |
| Queijo | 0,8 | 1,0 | 1,2 | 1,4 | 1,1h |
| Carnes processadas | 1,4 | 1,0 | 0,8 | 0,7 | 0,5h |
| Conservas de frutas e hortaliças | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1h |
| Alimentos ultraprocessados | 1,8 | 9,6 | 17,9 | 28,7 | 49,2h |
| Bolos, tortas e biscoitos doces | 0,2 | 1,2 | 2,1 | 3,9 | 7,5h |
| Lanches do tipo | 0,1 | 0,7 | 1,9 | 3,8 | 8,0h |
| Refrigerantes e sucos de frutas industrializados | 0,4 | 1,5 | 2,7 | 3,7 | 5,0h |
| Pães de forma, de hamburguer, | 0,1 | 1,2 | 2,6 | 3,7 | 4,3h |
| Guloseimase | 0,1 | 0,6 | 1,3 | 2,9 | 6,0h |
| Bolachas salgadas e salgadinhos tipo | 0,3 | 1,4 | 2,1 | 2,4 | 4,0h |
| Embutidos | 0,2 | 0,9 | 1,6 | 2,1 | 2,5h |
| Pratos prontos e semi-prontosf | 0,0 | 0,1 | 0,6 | 1,9 | 6,1h |
| Bebidas lácteas adoçadas | 0,1 | 0,4 | 1,2 | 2,3 | 4,2h |
| Outros produtosg | 0,4 | 1,6 | 2,0 | 2,0 | 1,7h |
| Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
a,b,c,d,e,f,g Ver Tabela 1.
h p < 0,001 para tendência linear da variação da contribuição do item segundo quintis do consumo de ultraprocessados.
Médias de indicadores nutricionais do consumo alimentar da população brasileira com 10 ou mais anos de idade e da fração deste consumo referente aos grupos de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, alimentos processados e alimentos ultraprocessados (2008-2009).
| Indicador | Fração do consumo alimentar | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consumo alimentar total | Alimentos | Alimentos processados | Alimentos ultraprocessados | Valores recomendados para os indicadores | |
| Total de energia (kcal/d) | 1866,0 | 1275,5 | 167,1 | 423,4a | – |
| Contribuição percentual para o total de energia de: | |||||
| Proteína | 17,2 | 19,5 | 15,7 | 8,6a | 10-15c |
| Carboidratos | 56,2 | 55,6 | 63,7 | 54,4a | 55-75c |
| Açúcar livre | 15,4 | 13,5 | 0,6 | 29,2a | < 10c |
| Gorduras | 26,9 | 24,8 | 20,6 | 37,0a | 15-30c |
| Gordura saturada | 9,4 | 8,4 | 9,5 | 12,0a | < 10c |
| Gordura | 1,4 | 0,6 | 1,2 | 5,0a | < 1c |
| Densidade energética (kcal/g)a | 1,7 | 1,4 | 2,9 | 3,7a | 1,25-1,45d |
| Densidade de fibras (g/1.000 kcal) | 11,1 | 13,4 | 6,5 | 4,5a | > 12,5b,e |
| Densidade de sódio (g/1.000 kcal) | 1,7 | 1,7 | 2,5 | 1,4a | < 1f |
| Densidade de potássio (mg/1.000 kcal) | 1275,4 | 1583,7 | 584,1 | 604,6a | ≥ 1.755f |
a Valor significativamente diferente (p < 0,05) do valor estimado para alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e para alimentos processados.
b Densidade energética calculada apenas para a fração sólida da dieta, correspondendo à soma das calorias provenientes dos alimentos sólidos divididos pela quantidade em gramas desses alimentos.
c World Health Organization (WHO). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
d World Cancer Research Foundation (WCRF). Energy density: finding the balance for cancer prevention. London:World Cancer Research Foundation; 2009.
e O valor da recomendação considera uma dieta de 2.000 kcal.
f World Health Organization (WHO). World Health Organization issues new guidance on dietary salt and potassium. Geneva; 2013. O valor da recomendação considera uma dieta de 2.000 kcal.
Médias de indicadores nutricionais do consumo alimentar de estratos da população brasileira, com 10 ou mais anos de idade, correspondentes a quintis do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (2008-2009).
| Indicador | Quintil de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (% do total de energia) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |
| Total de energia (kcal/d) | 1707,9 | 1794,4 | 1841,0 | 1920,4 | 2066,8b |
| Densidade energética (kcal/g)a | 1,5 | 1,5 | 1,6 | 1,7 | 1,9b |
| Contribuição percentual para o total de energia de: | |||||
| Proteína | 19,3 | 18,2 | 17,3 | 16,3 | 14,8b |
| Carboidrato | 56,7 | 56,5 | 56,2 | 56,1 | 55,6b |
| Açúcar livre | 10,9 | 13,1 | 15,0 | 17,6 | 20,2b |
| Gordura total | 23,8 | 25,4 | 26,8 | 28,1 | 30,4b |
| Gordura saturada | 7,9 | 8,5 | 9,1 | 10,0 | 11,5b |
| Gordura | 0,8 | 1,3 | 1,5 | 1,7 | 1,9b |
| Densidade de nutrientes: | |||||
| Fibra (g/1.000 kcal) | 13,0 | 11,9 | 11,3 | 10,3 | 8,9b |
| Sódio (g/1.000 kcal) | 1,9 | 1,8 | 1,7 | 1,7 | 1,6b |
| Potássio (mg/1.000 kcal) | 1414,2 | 1347,8 | 1309,7 | 1230,6 | 1074,6b |
a Ver Tabela 3.
b p < 0,05 para tendência linear da variação do indicador conforme quintis do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados.
Classification of foods based on the industrial processing they were submitted to before their acquisition.
| Group | Definition and characteristics | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Natural or minimally processed foods and culinary preparations with these foods as their base | Natural foods are obtained directly from plants or animals (such as leaves and fruit or eggs and milk) and are purchased ready for consumption without having undergone any alteration after leaving the natural source. Minimally processed foods are natural foods that, prior to their acquisition, underwent minor changes that do not involve adding substances to the food. Cleaning, removal of non-edible parts, fractioning, drying, packaging, fermentation, pasteurization, refrigeration, freezing, milling and refinement are examples of the processes that natural foods go through. Culinary preparations based on these foods include natural or minimally processed foods being used as the main item in the recipe with all of the remaining ingredients, including culinary ingredients such as oils, fats, sugar and salt, other natural or minimally processed foods (such as garlic and onion) and even processed or ultra-processed foods (such as cheeses and processed meats) when they are included as secondary items in the culinary preparations. These preparations are prepared in domestic kitchens, traditional restaurants or places similar to these. | Vegetables, greens, fruits, potatoes, cassava and other roots and tubers |
| Processed foods | Processed foods are manufactured by the food industry, these foods have salt, sugar or any other commonly used culinary substance added to the natural or minimally processed food to make it last longer and be more pleasing to the palate. These are products that are directly derived from food and are recognized as versions of the original foods. The processing techniques used for these products resemble culinary techniques, possibly including cooking, drying, fermentation, packing in tins or glass and using preservation methods such as salting, pickling, curing and smoking. | Canned vegetables, corn or peas, fruits in syrup, candied fruits, salted meats, canned fish and fish preserved in oil, cheeses made from milk and salt and bread made from wheat flour, water, yeast and salt (but not containing other added substances such as hydrogenated fat and additives). |
| Ultra-processed foods | Ultra-processed foods are industrial products that are made entirely or mostly of substances that have been extracted from food (oils, fats, sugar, starch, proteins), derived from food constituents (hydrogenated fats, modified starches) or synthesized in a laboratory based on organic materials such as oil and coal (colorants, flavorings, flavor enhancers and other additives used to give the products attractive sensory properties). Manufacturing techniques include extruding, moulding and preprocessing for frying or baking. | Sliced bread, hamburger or hot dog processed bread, sweet breads and baked products whose ingredients include substances such as hydrogenated vegetable fat, sugar, starch, whey, emulsifiers or other additives, sweet and savory biscuits, chip-like snacks, processed sweets and treats in general (candies, ice creams, chocolates), soft drinks, artificial juices, sweetened and flavored dairy drinks, energy drinks, sauces, margarine, processed meats, processed ready to heat dishes, burgers, hot dogs, chicken or fish nugget, cereal bars. |
Adapted from the Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira (Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian population) (Ministério da Saúde, 2014).
Classificação de alimentos com base no processamento industrial a que foram submetidos antes de sua aquisição.
| Grupo | Definição e características | Exemplos |
|---|---|---|
| Alimentos | Alimentos | Legumes, verduras, frutas, batata, mandioca e outras raízes e tubérculos |
| Alimentos processados | Alimentos processados são fabricados pela indústria com a adição de sal ou açúcar ou outra substância de comum uso culinário a alimentos | Conservas de hortaliças, milho ou ervilhas, frutas em calda ou cristalizadas, carnes salgadas, peixes enlatados e preservados em óleo, queijos feitos de leite e sal e pães feitos de farinha de trigo, água, leveduras e sal (sem adição de outras substâncias como gordura hidrogenada e aditivos). |
| Alimentos ultraprocessados | Alimentos ultraprocessados são formulações industriais feitas inteiramente ou majoritariamente de substâncias extraídas de alimentos (óleos, gorduras, açúcar, amido, proteínas), derivadas de constituintes de alimentos (gorduras hidrogenadas, amido modificado) ou sintetizadas em laboratório com base em matérias orgânicas como petróleo e carvão (corantes, aromatizantes, realçadores de sabor e outros aditivos usados para dotar os produtos de propriedades sensoriais atraentes). Técnicas de manufatura incluem extrusão, moldagem e pré-processamento por fritura ou cozimento. | Pães de forma, pães para hambúrguer ou |
Adaptado do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira (Ministério da Saúde, 2014).