Meryl Brod1, Lise Højbjerre2, Donald M Bushnell3, Charlotte Thim Hansen2. 1. The Brod Group, 219 Julia Avenue, Mill Valley, CA, 94941, USA. mbrod@thebrodgroup.net. 2. Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Development, Søborg, Denmark. 3. Health Research Associates, Inc., Mountlake Terrace, WA, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Non-severe hypoglycemic events (NSHEs) are commonly experienced by diabetes patients, particularly among insulin users, and can have serious impacts on daily functioning, emotional well-being, sleep, work productivity, and treatment adherence. Currently, no PRO measures are available to assess the impacts of non-severe hypoglycemia. To address this gap, the Treatment-Related Impact Measure-Non-severe Hypoglycemic Events (TRIM-HYPO) was developed. This paper describes the TRIM-HYPO development and validation. METHODS: The creation of the TRIM-HYPO followed FDA's guideline for PRO development. Concept elicitation data were gathered from literature review, clinical expert interviews, and focus groups of patients with Type 1 or 2 diabetes in four countries. Based on the qualitative analysis, draft items were generated and cognitively debriefed. Psychometric validation included factor analysis, item response theory analysis, and assessment of psychometric characteristics for the TRIM-HYPO. RESULTS: Eight clinical experts and 167 patients participated in concept elicitation. The validation study included 407 patients. Thirteen of the 46 items from the preliminary measure were dropped due to ceiling/floor effects and high correlations between conceptually similar items. Factor analysis confirmed five domains in the TRIM-HYPO: daily function, emotional well-being, diabetes management, sleep disruption, and work productivity. All scores were internally consistent (0.86-0.95) and reproducible with a test-retest range of 0.75-0.98. All but one a priori hypothesized associations for validity were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings demonstrate that the final, 33-item TRIM-HYPO is reliable and valid and may be useful for assessing impacts related to NSHEs in research and clinical practice.
PURPOSE: Non-severe hypoglycemic events (NSHEs) are commonly experienced by diabetespatients, particularly among insulin users, and can have serious impacts on daily functioning, emotional well-being, sleep, work productivity, and treatment adherence. Currently, no PRO measures are available to assess the impacts of non-severe hypoglycemia. To address this gap, the Treatment-Related Impact Measure-Non-severe Hypoglycemic Events (TRIM-HYPO) was developed. This paper describes the TRIM-HYPO development and validation. METHODS: The creation of the TRIM-HYPO followed FDA's guideline for PRO development. Concept elicitation data were gathered from literature review, clinical expert interviews, and focus groups of patients with Type 1 or 2 diabetes in four countries. Based on the qualitative analysis, draft items were generated and cognitively debriefed. Psychometric validation included factor analysis, item response theory analysis, and assessment of psychometric characteristics for the TRIM-HYPO. RESULTS: Eight clinical experts and 167 patients participated in concept elicitation. The validation study included 407 patients. Thirteen of the 46 items from the preliminary measure were dropped due to ceiling/floor effects and high correlations between conceptually similar items. Factor analysis confirmed five domains in the TRIM-HYPO: daily function, emotional well-being, diabetes management, sleep disruption, and work productivity. All scores were internally consistent (0.86-0.95) and reproducible with a test-retest range of 0.75-0.98. All but one a priori hypothesized associations for validity were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings demonstrate that the final, 33-item TRIM-HYPO is reliable and valid and may be useful for assessing impacts related to NSHEs in research and clinical practice.
Authors: Jill Carlton; Joanna Leaviss; Frans Pouwer; Christel Hendrieckx; Melanie M Broadley; Mark Clowes; Rory J McCrimmon; Simon R Heller; Jane Speight Journal: Diabetologia Date: 2021-02-02 Impact factor: 10.122
Authors: Melanie Broadley; Hannah Chatwin; Uffe Søholm; Stephanie A Amiel; Jill Carlton; Bastiaan E De Galan; Christel Hendrieckx; Rory J McCrimmon; Søren E Skovlund; Frans Pouwer; Jane Speight Journal: BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care Date: 2022-08