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Literature DB >> 25349390

Direct and indirect punishment among strangers in the field.

Loukas Balafoutas¹, Nikos Nikiforakis², Bettina Rockenbach³.

Abstract

Many interactions in modern human societies are among strangers. Explaining cooperation in such interactions is challenging. The two most prominent explanations critically depend on individuals' willingness to punish defectors: In models of direct punishment, individuals punish antisocial behavior at a personal cost, whereas in models of indirect reciprocity, they punish indirectly by withholding rewards. We investigate these competing explanations in a field experiment with real-life interactions among strangers. We find clear evidence of both direct and indirect punishment. Direct punishment is not rewarded by strangers and, in line with models of indirect reciprocity, is crowded out by indirect punishment opportunities. The existence of direct and indirect punishment in daily life indicates the importance of both means for understanding the evolution of cooperation.

Entities: Species

Keywords: cooperation; field experiment; indirect reciprocity; punishment; social norms

Mesh：

Year: 2014 PMID： 25349390 PMCID： PMC4234623 DOI： 10.1073/pnas.1413170111

Source DB: PubMed Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ISSN： 0027-8424 Impact factor: 11.205

27 in total

1. The social and psychological costs of punishing.

Authors: Gabrielle S Adams; Elizabeth Mullen
Journal: Behav Brain Sci Date: 2012-02 Impact factor: 12.579

Review 2. Evolution of indirect reciprocity.

Authors: Martin A Nowak; Karl Sigmund
Journal: Nature Date: 2005-10-27 Impact factor: 49.962

Direct and indirect punishment among strangers in the field.

1. The social and psychological costs of punishing.

Review 2. Evolution of indirect reciprocity.

Review 3. Five rules for the evolution of cooperation.

4. The long-run benefits of punishment.

5. Cooperation in social dilemmas: free riding may be thwarted by second-order reward rather than by punishment.

6. Coordinated punishment of defectors sustains cooperation and can proliferate when rare.

7. To qualify as a social partner, humans hide severe punishment, although their observed cooperativeness is decisive.

8. Anti-social punishment can prevent the co-evolution of punishment and cooperation.

9. Antisocial punishment across societies.

10. Indirect reciprocity provides only a narrow margin of efficiency for costly punishment.

1. Parochialism, social norms, and discrimination against immigrants.

2. Delayed behavioural shifts undermine the sustainability of social-ecological systems.

3. Toddlers and infants expect individuals to refrain from helping an ingroup victim's aggressor.

4. Infants expect leaders to right wrongs.

5. Potential follow-up increases private contributions to public goods.

6. Direct punishment and indirect reputation-based tactics to intervene against offences.

7. Reputation and punishment sustain cooperation in the optional public goods game.

8. The effect of power asymmetries on cooperation and punishment in a prisoner's dilemma game.

9. Social image concerns promote cooperation more than altruistic punishment.

10. Indirect Reciprocity, Resource Sharing, and Environmental Risk: Evidence from Field Experiments in Siberia.