Evaluation of ettringite-related swelling mechanisms for treated chromite ore processing residue.

Accelerated one-dimensional unconfined swell tests were conducted for ferrous sulfate chromite ore processing residue (COPR) field-treated samples. The field-treated samples were subjected to wet and dry cycles over 100 days to accelerate the lithification of the samples. Parallel laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the effects of mineralogy on COPR swell under controlled conditions. The field and laboratory samples were treated with ferrous sulfate at a ferrous-to-Cr(6+) molar stoichiometric ratios of eight (8×) and five (5×). X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were used to investigate the mineralogical changes upon treatment. The swell results indicated that significant COPR swelling was observed in all of the tested samples. The swelling was more pronounced in the 5× treated COPR sample than in the 8× treated COPR sample. Moreover, the laboratory-treated samples showed greater swelling behavior as compared with the field-treated samples, which was most probably due to the high dry density of the COPR, indicating that dry density was a more dominant factor than lithification. XRPD and SEM-EDX results confirmed that significant ettringite formation occurred in all treated samples.