Strategies for the discovery and engineering of enzymes for biocatalysis.

Protein engineering is the most important method to overcome the limitations of natural enzymes as biocatalysts. The past few years have seen a tremendous increase in novel concepts to facilitate the design of mutant libraries for focused directed evolution mostly guided by advanced bioinformatic tools. In addition, advanced high-throughput methods were developed using, for example, FACS analysis or microfluidic systems. These achievements significantly facilitate the tailor-made design of enzymes to make them suitable for industrial applications.