Diffusion-weighted MRI for detection and differentiation of musculoskeletal tumorous and tumor-like lesions in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: MRI is the diagnostic mainstay for detection and differentiation of musculoskeletal tumors. However, a projection regarding the biological dignity of lesions based on standard MRI sequences remains difficult and uncertain. This study was undertaken to analyse whether diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) can distinguish between benign and malignant musculoskeletal tumorous and tumor-like lesions in pediatric patients.
METHODS: MR examinations of 44 consecutive pediatric patients (26 girls, mean age 11±6 years) including standard sequences and DWI (b=50/800 s/mm(2)) at 1.5 or 3 Tesla were retrospectively evaluated. The study group contained 10 patients with non-treated malignant tumors and 34 patients with benign lesions. Size, relative signal intensity and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC, unit ×10(-3) mm(2)/s) were determined in one lesion per patient.
RESULTS: Mean ADC was 0.78±0.45×10(-3) mm(2)/s in patients with malignant tumors and 1.71±0.75 ×10(-3) mm(2)/s in patients with benign lesions (P<0.001). Relative operating characteristics (ROC) analysis showed a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 91% for malignancy, based on an ADC cut-off value of ≤1.03. On logistic regression, mean ADC and lesion size accounted for 62% of variability in benign vs. malignant tumors. For malignant tumors, the signal intensity ratio was higher on DWI than on T1w post-contrast images (P<0.002). Two cases of local tumor recurrence were diagnosed by DWI only.
CONCLUSIONS: DWI shows promising results for determination of biological dignity in musculoskeletal tumors. Mean ADC ≤1.03×10(-3) mm(2)/s is a strong indicator of malignancy at the first diagnosis. The use of DWI for early diagnosis of tumor recurrence in comparison with standard MRI sequences should be evaluated in prospective studies.