BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association between eating patterns and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to prospectively examine associations between breakfast omission, eating frequency, snacking, and T2D risk in men. DESIGN: Eating patterns were assessed in 1992 in a cohort of 29,206 US men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, and cancer and were followed for 16 y. We used Cox proportional hazards analysis to evaluate associations with incident T2D. RESULTS: We documented 1944 T2D cases during follow-up. After adjustment for known risk factors for T2D, including BMI, men who skipped breakfast had 21% higher risk of T2D than did men who consumed breakfast (RR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.35). Compared with men who ate 3 times/d, men who ate 1-2 times/d had a higher risk of T2D (RR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.45). These findings persisted after stratification by BMI or diet quality. Additional snacks beyond the 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) were associated with increased T2D risk, but these associations were attenuated after adjustment for BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Breakfast omission was associated with an increased risk of T2D in men even after adjustment for BMI. A direct association between snacking between meals and T2D risk was mediated by BMI.
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association between eating patterns and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to prospectively examine associations between breakfast omission, eating frequency, snacking, and T2D risk in men. DESIGN: Eating patterns were assessed in 1992 in a cohort of 29,206 US men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, and cancer and were followed for 16 y. We used Cox proportional hazards analysis to evaluate associations with incident T2D. RESULTS: We documented 1944 T2D cases during follow-up. After adjustment for known risk factors for T2D, including BMI, men who skipped breakfast had 21% higher risk of T2D than did men who consumed breakfast (RR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.35). Compared with men who ate 3 times/d, men who ate 1-2 times/d had a higher risk of T2D (RR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.45). These findings persisted after stratification by BMI or diet quality. Additional snacks beyond the 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) were associated with increased T2D risk, but these associations were attenuated after adjustment for BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Breakfast omission was associated with an increased risk of T2D in men even after adjustment for BMI. A direct association between snacking between meals and T2D risk was mediated by BMI.
Authors: Mark A Pereira; Elizabeth Erickson; Patricia McKee; Karilyn Schrankler; Susan K Raatz; Leslie A Lytle; Anthony D Pellegrini Journal: J Nutr Date: 2010-12-01 Impact factor: 4.798
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Authors: L B Bauer; L J Reynolds; S M Douglas; M L Kearney; H A Hoertel; R S Shafer; J P Thyfault; H J Leidy Journal: Int J Obes (Lond) Date: 2015-06-01 Impact factor: 5.095
Authors: Hassan S Dashti; Jordi Merino; Jacqueline M Lane; Yanwei Song; Caren E Smith; Toshiko Tanaka; Nicola M McKeown; Chandler Tucker; Dianjianyi Sun; Traci M Bartz; Ruifang Li-Gao; Hoirun Nisa; Sirimon Reutrakul; Rozenn N Lemaitre; Tahani M Alshehri; Renée de Mutsert; Lydia Bazzano; Lu Qi; Kristen L Knutson; Bruce M Psaty; Dennis O Mook-Kanamori; Vesna Boraska Perica; Marian L Neuhouser; Frank A J L Scheer; Martin K Rutter; Marta Garaulet; Richa Saxena Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2019-08-01 Impact factor: 7.045