Freestanding midwifery unit versus obstetric unit: a matched cohort study of outcomes in low-risk women.

OBJECTIVE: To compare perinatal and maternal morbidity and birth interventions in low-risk women giving birth in two freestanding midwifery units (FMUs) and two obstetric units (OUs).
DESIGN: A cohort study with a matched control group.
SETTING: The region of North Jutland, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: 839 low-risk women intending FMU birth and a matched control group of 839 low-risk women intending OU birth were included at the start of care in labour. OU women were individually chosen to match selected obstetric/socio-economic characteristics of FMU women. Analysis was by intention to treat. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perinatal and maternal morbidity and interventions.
RESULTS: No significant differences in perinatal morbidity were observed between groups (Apgar scores <7/5, <9/5 or <7/1, admittance to neonatal unit, asphyxia or readmission). Adverse outcomes were rare and occurred in both groups. FMU women were significantly less likely to experience an abnormal fetal heart rate (RR: 0.3, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.5), fetal-pelvic complications (0.2, 0.05 to 0.6), shoulder dystocia (0.3, 0.1 to 0.9), occipital-posterior presentation (0.5, 0.3 to 0.9) and postpartum haemorrhage >500 ml (0.4, 0.3 to 0.6) compared with OU women. Significant reductions were found for the FMU group's use of caesarean section (0.6, 0.3 to 0.9), instrumental delivery (0.4, 0.3 to 0.6), and oxytocin augmentation (0.5, 0.3 to 0.6) and epidural analgesia (0.4, 0.3 to 0.6). Transfer during or <2 h after birth occurred in 14.8% of all FMU births but more frequently in primiparas than in multiparas (36.7% vs 7.2%).
CONCLUSION: Comparing FMU and OU groups, there was no increase in perinatal morbidity, but there were significantly reduced incidences of maternal morbidity, birth interventions including caesarean section, and increased likelihood of spontaneous vaginal birth. FMU care may be considered as an adequate alternative to OU care for low-risk women. Pregnant prospective mothers should be given an informed choice of place of birth, including information on transfer.

Introduction

In most industrialised countries, obstetric units (OU) have become the primary setting for birth with the safety of other birth settings strongly debated.1–5 The primary concern regarding birth outside an OU relates to the anticipation of adverse perinatal outcomes. However, steadily increasing birth intervention rates and studies of women's perceptions of childbirth indicate that OUs may not always provide optimal conditions for low-risk childbirth or satisfy women's individual needs.6–14 In many countries, the introduction of midwifery units has given women more choice of place of birth. A midwifery unit is a clinical location offering care to women with straightforward pregnancies during labour and birth in which midwives take primary professional responsibility for care. It may be in the site of a hospital with an obstetric unit, hence termed an ‘alongside’ midwifery unit, or be a physically separated, freestanding unit where obstetric, neonatal and anaesthetic care requires ambulance transfer.15

A Cochrane review concerning alongside midwifery units (AMU) found no significant differences in perinatal mortality or perinatal and maternal morbidity. It also documented significantly fewer medical interventions and increased maternal satisfaction.12 However, this evidence cannot be generalised to freestanding midwifery units (FMU). Concern has been expressed that acute intrapartum and postpartum complications may arise in spite of careful assessment of low-risk women and that transfer delays may affect lifesaving medical interventions such as caesarean section or advanced neonatal resuscitation.

Two prospective, controlled cohort studies of FMUs16 17 both report low perinatal and maternal morbidity, fewer interventions and decreased use of medical pain relief. The results are supported by a wide range of retrospective, uncontrolled and/or population-based studies,6 10 18–30 but the evidence is conflicting, as two of these studies found significantly lower 1 min Apgar scores28 and an increased need for neonatal ventilation10 in FMUs. Because of greatly varying criteria for low-risk categorisation, care standards, midwives' training, cooperation between FMUs and OUs, etc, considerable caution must be observed when generalising findings to other settings and countries. Furthermore, the level of evidence was weak.31 The applicability/validity of many studies is limited by factors such as small sample size, inclusion of high-risk women, limited control of bias and confounding, and inadequate descriptions of inclusion and exclusion criteria, medical assistance (if any) and transfer criteria.

There is a need for further research, but the rarity of adverse outcomes in a low-risk population, the limited number of FMU births and women's strong preference for choice of birthplace32 33 converge to form serious barriers for the investigation of perinatal mortality in large, adequately powered, randomised controlled trials. This increases the need for evidence from carefully planned cohort studies.

Objectives

The present study compared labouring processes, perinatal and maternal morbidity, and birth interventions in low-risk women intending to give birth in two FMUs and two OUs in Denmark. The study is reported in accordance with ‘Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology’ requirements.34 35

Study hypotheses

On the basis of previous research, we hypothesised that FMU care, with its emphasis on the physiological birth process and psycho-social well-being during childbirth, would entail a number of positive effects for the women, such as a higher rate of spontaneous vaginal birth, intact perineum, and use of non-pharmacological pain relief. FMU women were hypothesised to experience fewer interventions (including caesarean section) and require less use of pharmacological pain relief compared with OU women. No differences in perinatal or maternal morbidity were predicted.

Methods

Design

A matched cohort study.

Setting

The study was conducted in North Jutland, a relatively sparsely populated region of Denmark where the local health authorities in 2001 had decided to transform two of the region's four maternity units into FMUs, opening in 2001 and 2004. The FMUs offered midwifery-led care during pregnancy and intrapartum and postnatal periods to low-risk women.

Data collection

In a 3.5-year period between 2004 and 2008, data on socio-demographic factors, previous pregnancies and births, current pregnancy and birth, infants, FMU transfers, and maternal/neonatal readmissions 0–28 days postpartum were collected from patient records and the North Jutland Patient Administration System. The data collection was carried out by project staff with comprehensive professional knowledge of the field on basis of written instructions.

Data security and ethics

The project was approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (reference number: 2005-41-5352) and the regional health authorities of North Jutland. Data were handled in strict confidentiality and in accordance with Danish law requiring neither approval from an ethics committee nor informed consent from patients for observational studies involving no risk or inconvenience to patients.36

Characteristics of the freestanding midwifery units

In Denmark care for low-risk women is midwifery-led in all birth settings. Both FMUs were located in community hospitals with an intensive care unit but without an obstetric service. The annual numbers of births in the FMUs were approximately 170 (Hobro) and 130 (Frederikshavn). Women transferred to OUs by ambulance using multidisciplinary regional criteria and continued care with an FMU or OU midwife under the supervision of an obstetrician. FMU midwives had at least 2 years' experience and training in obstetric emergencies, including ventouse delivery. FMU midwives provided antenatal care and out-of-hours postpartum care for all women in the area booked for both OU and FMU birth. FMU midwives also assisted at the nearest OU, if FMU not busy, and had 40–70 births a year. Additional contextual information is available in online table A.

Characteristics of the obstetric maternity units

Aalborg University Hospital is a one of five highly specialised Danish hospitals with a specialist OU who saw approximately 3500 births a year. Vendsyssel Hospital is a provincial hospital with 10 clinical specialities, including an OU providing care for low-risk and most high-risk pregnancies and a generalised paediatric ward. The annual number of births was approximately 1400. Mothers and infants with severe illness were transferred to Aalborg University Hospital or one of the other four, highly specialised hospitals in Denmark, depending on the condition (additional contextual information is available in online table B).

Participants

The study population was composed of an intervention group of 839 low-risk women from two FMU in Hobro and Frederikshavn, and a control group of 839 low-risk women, matched for key factors, who received routine care from the specialist obstetric unit at Aalborg University Hospital and the obstetric unit at Vendsyssel Hospital, Hjørring.

Inclusion criteria

All labouring women admitted to the FMUs by their midwives on the basis of multidisciplinary, regional admission criteria were included in the study. As informed consent of participation was not required due to Danish legislation, all eligible women were included.

Women in the control group were eligible for inclusion only if they represented an individual match to the obstetric and social characteristics of a woman in the FMU group.

Women in both study groups were thus rigorously judged to be at low-risk and fulfil criteria for FMU birth, and included at the start of care in labour.

Exclusion criteria

Excluded from the study were three women admitted to an FMU for emergency treatment without satisfying the criteria for FMU care; an event occurring very rarely.

Matching process

Confounding is a main concern in cohort studies. The matched design was chosen because it potentially increases the statistical precision in a cohort study and effectively eliminates the association between the exposure (place of birth) and the matching variables, given a perfect balance of data is obtained on matched variables between groups.34 37 38 Matching is especially relevant in situations with non-linearity and intercorrelation between variables or where a substantial difference in the distribution of confounders between groups is expected.39 This was the case in the present study whose participants were recruited from areas characterised by varying degrees of urbanisation and heterogeneity in socio-demographic characteristics.40 41

Women in the control group were selected from the region's patient administration system which carries detailed information on the region's pregnant women. For each participant included in the FMU group, a control participant from the nearest OU was identified among the admitted low-risk women. The selection of matched control participants was conducted in accordance with strict guidelines by project staff that were blinded to the identity and the birth outcomes of women in the FMU group. The matching result was blinded until the selected control participants had given birth.

Matching was done prospectively on criteria with an established influence on birth outcomes42–45: low-risk status, parity, smoking, body mass index (BMI), age, ethnicity, education, occupation and cohabitation status. A 100% match was carried out on: low-risk status, parity and smoking status. BMI and age were matched with a range of ±5; meaning that BMI/age scores of 22 were matchable with scores between 17 and 27. Socio-demographic characteristics such as ethnicity, education level, occupation and cohabitation status were matched within groups as shown in table 1.

Table 1

Matching characteristics

Characteristics	Freestanding midwifery unit (%)	Obstetric unit (%)
Complete match retained in all cases
Obstetric risk status
Low risk	839 (100)	839 (100)
Parity
Primiparous	215 (25.6)	215 (25.6)
Multiparous	624 (74.4)	624 (74.4)
Smoking status
Non-smoker	684 (81.5)	684 (81.5)
1–9 cigarettes	59 (7.0)	59 (7.0)
10 or more cigarettes	96 (11.5)	96 (11.5)
Individuals matched within ranges/groups
BMI
<18	17 (2.1)	22 (2.6)
18–24.9	528 (62.9)	530 (63.2)
25–29.9	226 (26.9)	219 (26.1)
>30	68 (8.1)	68 (8.1)
Age
16–20	24 (2.9)	25 (3.0)
21–35	731 (87.1)	716 (85.3)
>35	84 (10.0)	98 (11.7)
Ethnicity
Nordic or Western European	805 (96.0)	809 (96.4)
Eastern European or Asian	27 (3.2)	22 (2.6)
Arab or African	7 (0.8)	8 (1.0)
Education level*
No training/education qualifying for the labour market	216 (25.7)	217 (25.9)
Skilled training	255 (30.4)	255 (30.4)
1–2½ years of postsecondary education	84 (10.0)	81 (9.6)
3–4 years of postsecondary education	254 (30.3)	256 (30.5)
5–6 years of postsecondary education	30 (3.6)	30 (3.6)
Occupation
No paid work	160 (19.1)	131 (15.6)
Unskilled work	107 (12.7)	119 (14.2)
Skilled work†	542 (64.6)	557 (66.4)
Academic work/manager or senior official	30 (3.6)	32 (3.8)
Cohabitation status
Living with partner	815 (97.1)	819 (97.6)
Not living with partner	24 (2.9)	20 (2.4)

Students and trainees were classified along with the educational level for which they were being trained.

All non-academic/non-managerial vocations requiring 1–4 years of postsecondary education/training.

Definition of low risk

Women were judged to be at low risk if they were healthy, presented in spontaneous labour between 37+0 and 41+6 days of gestation and had an uncomplicated pregnancy and no medical/obstetric history or conditions increasing obstetric risk as outlined in the UK NICE intrapartum care guidelines.46 However, we considered healthy multiparous women as low-risk regardless of their age and BMI if their previous pregnancies and deliveries had been uncomplicated.

Variables and data measurement

The primary outcomes were Apgar score <7/5 min and caesarean section.

Secondary outcomes were as follows: (infant) Apgar score <9/5 min, <7/1 min; neonatal asphyxia; admittance to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); admittance to NICU >48 h; neonatal readmission 0–28 days postpartum; (maternal) spontaneous vaginal birth; intact perineum; epidural analgesia; use of water tub for pain relief; abnormal fetal heart rate leading to action; dystocia; shoulder dystocia; instrumental vaginal delivery; postpartum haemorrhage >500 ml; first-/second-degree tear; third-/fourth-degree tear; maternal readmission 0–28 days postpartum. These outcomes were, along with a range of additional outcomes, defined prior to the initiation of the study, and reported as well as all cases of perinatal mortality and severe perinatal and maternal morbidity. Unfortunately, data on umbilical blood gas could not be obtained.

The intended birthplace at the start of care in labour was considered the exposure. The study did not aim to examine differences in maternal or perinatal mortality, since their low occurrence in the Danish low-risk population (0.065‰ and 3‰, respectively) would require an extremely large and therefore unrealistic number of participants.

The data were recorded in accordance with the National Birth Register and the North Jutland Birth Register, standards and guidelines applying to all four units and with which all midwives and doctors in the region were familiar. A stop watch was used when measuring Apgar scores. Postpartum haemorrhage was routinely estimated rather than measured.

Power calculation, sample size and changes in study protocol

Clinically important differences were defined, and power calculations performed for all the above-mentioned clinical endpoints. The frequencies used in the calculations originate in the North Jutland Birth Register and the international literature. Estimations of sample sizes were based on power calculation for the primary outcomes: Apgar score <7/5 min and caesarean section. The limited number of FMU births, at 300–350 per year, was also taken into account. The study was originally planned to include data on 1027 FMU participants and 1027 control participants over a period of 3.5 years, starting 1 January 2005; however, in October 2006, the local authorities unexpectedly announced the closure of its two FMUs. The National Board of Health expressed concern that the local authorities had introduced a new model of care that had not been subjected to adequate evaluation. The power to detect differences between our two study groups was consequently reduced, and a thorough revision of the study protocol was required. At the time of the FMU closures, 550 FMU participants had been included, and in order to obtain the largest possible sample of FMU participants, we included all of the 289 eligible women who had been admitted to the FMUs since the opening of the second FMU (1 March 2004). These women were prospectively matched with women from the nearest OU, thus ensuring total samples of 839 women in each group.

After the FMU closures, power calculations were rerun. The results showed that with a sample of 839 women in each group, the study sustained the power to detect clinically relevant differences between groups on all primary and secondary outcomes. For the two primary outcomes, the revised sample provided power (5% significance level, 80% power) to detect an increase in Apgar score <7/5 min from expected 1.07% in the OU group to 3.1% in the FMU group and a reduction in the incidence rate of caesarean section from 8.8% in the OU group to 5.5% in the FMU group.

Statistical analysis of data

Analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle and carried out using STATA software, V.11.

The two groups (matched 1:1) were compared by paired tests on all measures, the McNemar' test for paired binary data (medical data on the birth process) and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired continuous data (eg, birth weight). As we were concerned that residual confounding might remain, a supplementary regression analysis adjusting for the matching characteristics was performed using both continuous and grouped variables.47 48 For ease of interpretation (eg, calculation of confidence bands), ordinal outcomes were dichotomised, but we controlled for conclusive agreement with test results based on the original data.

The analysis for occipital posterior position was performed after excluding caesarean deliveries. For all comparisons, relative risks with 95% CIs were calculated. All reported p values were two-sided, and the level of statistical significance 5%. To check for bias introduced by the inclusion of FMU women giving birth in 2004, supplementary subgroup analyses were performed on 2004 data and main data, respectively.

A low-risk match was prospectively identified for all 839 women admitted to an FMU, and full follow-up was obtained for all 1678 women. Of the 839 FMU women, 733 (87.4%) gave birth as planned in the FMU or at home, assisted by a FMU midwife (cf. figure 1). Transit births were included in the few cases where the woman had consulted a midwife <24 h before giving birth and had been advised to stay at home longer or return home.

Figure 1

Study flow chart.

Ninety-seven FMU women (11.6%) were transferred intrapartum; among these, two gave birth in the ambulance. Eleven, who were in early labour, were transported in their own vehicle. Twenty-seven transfers (3.2%) took place <2 h after birth, another 13 (1.5%) during the postnatal stay. The total number of transfers was 137 (16.4%).

As shown in table 1, the matching produced two fully comparable groups in terms of key medical and socio-demographic factors. The FMU women's background details reflected the life conditions of the local population in general.40 49 With Aalborg and Hjørring municipalities as exceptions, the educational and income levels in North Jutland rank as the lowest in Denmark. In the FMUs' predominantly rural catchment areas, unemployment rates are high, which is reflected in a slightly higher rate of FMU women without employment outside the home.

Main results

Primary outcomes

No statistically significant differences between the two study groups in the rate of infants with an Apgar score of <7/5 were found (RR: 1; 95% CI 0.3 to 3.4). The use of caesarean section (0.6, 0.3 to 0.9) was significantly reduced among FMU women compared with OU women (see table 2).

Table 2

Outcomes

	Freestanding midwifery unit (%)	Obstetric unit (%)	RR (95% CI)	p Value
Primary outcomes
Apgar score <7 after 5 min	5 (0.6)	5 (0.6)	1 (0.3 to 3.4)	1.0000
Caesarean section	19 (2.3)	34 (4.0)	0.6 (0.3 to 0.9)	0.0400
Secondary perinatal outcomes
Apgar score <9 after 5 min	15 (1.8)	20 (2.4)	0.8 (0.4 to 1.5)	0.4996
Apgar score <7 after 1 min	22 (2.6)	25 (3.0)	0.9 (0.5 to 1.6)	0.7709
Neonatal asphyxia	27 (3.2)	41 (4.9)	0.7 (0.4 to 1.1)	0.1143
Neonatal admittance to NICU	28 (3.3)	42 (5.0)	0.7 (0.4 to 1.1)	0.1143
Neonatal stay in NICU >48 h	14 (1.7)	15 (1.8)	0.9 (0.5 to 1.9)	1.0000
Neonatal readmission hospital 0–28 days postpartum	26 (3.1)	35 (4.2)	0.7 (0.4 to 1.1)	0.1480
Child live-born	839 (100)	839 (100)
Perinatal/neonatal death	1*	0
Secondary maternal outcomes
Abnormal fetal heart rate leading to action	34 (4.1)	98 (11.7)	0.3 (0.2 to 0.5)	0.0000
Dystocia in labour	88 (10.5)	234 (27.9)	0.4 (0.3 to 0.5)	0.0000
Intrapartum fetal–pelvic complications†	3 (0.4)	16 (1.9)	0.2 (0.05 to 0.6)	0.0044
Shoulder dystocia	3 (0.4)	12 (1.4)	0.3 (0.1 to 0.9)	0.0352
Meconium-stained amniotic fluid	136 (16.2)	148 (17.6)	0.9 (0.7 to 1.1)	0.4004
Occipital posterior presentation at birth‡	13 (1.6)	28 (3.3)	0.5 (0.3 to 0.9)	0.0201
Postpartum haemorrhage >500 ml	29 (3.5)	68 (8.1)	0.4 (0.3 to 0.7)	0.0001
Postpartum haemorrhage >1000 ml	11 (1.3)	14 (1.7)	0.8 (0.4 to 1.7)	0.6900
Intact perineum	514 (61.3)	466 (55.5)	1.1 (1.02 to 1.2)	0.0142
First-/second-degree tear	290 (34.6)	337 (40.2)	0.9 (0.8 to 0.97)	0.0154
Third-/fourth-degree tears	19 (2.3)	24 (2.9)	0.8 (0.4 to 1.4)	0.5224
Readmission /outpatient visit 0–28 days postpartum	24 (2.9)	40 (4.8)	0.6 (0.4 to 1.0)	0.0599
Discharge <6 h postpartum	106 (12.6)	191 (22.8)	0.6 (0.5 to 0.7)	0.0000
Severe maternal morbidity	0	1§

The infant was born with severe diaphramic hernia, not detected by ultrasound screening at 19.4 weeks.

Including diagnosis for: abnormal maternal pelvis, cephalopelvic disproportion and failed ventouse delivery.

Deliveries by caesarean section excluded from this analysis.

Uterine rupture followed by peripartum hysterectomy in a multipara having epidural analgesia and oxytocin augmentation.

Secondary perinatal outcomes

No significant differences were found in perinatal outcome such as an Apgar score of <7/1 at 1 min and <9 at 5 min; neonatal asphyxia; neonatal admittance to NICU; neonatal stay in NICU >48 h or neonatal readmission to hospital 0–28 days postpartum (see table 2).

One infant was delivered by caesarean section owing to umbilical-cord prolapse in the hospital where an FMU was co-located. As a result, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on the hypothesis that, had the women been transferred, the infant would have had an Apgar score of <7/5 min. Analysis showed no difference between groups (1.25, 0.3 to 4.6) and did not affect overall findings. Full case details are given in online table C on adverse outcomes.

Secondary maternal outcomes

As shown in table 2, compared with OU women, FMU women were significantly less likely to experience: abnormal fetal heart rate leading to action (0.3, 0.2 to 0.5); dystocia in labour (0.4, 0.3 to 0.5); intrapartum fetal–pelvic complications (0.2, 0.05 to 0.6); shoulder dystocia (0.3, 0.1 to 0.9); occipital posterior presentation at birth (0.5, 0.3 to 0.9); postpartum haemorrhage >500 ml (0.4, 0.3 to 0.7) and 1st/2nd degree tear (0.9, 0.8 to 0.97).

Moreover, compared with OU women, FMU women were significantly more likely to experience: intact perineum (1.1, 1.02 to 1.2) and discharge <6 h postpartum (0.6, 0.5 to 0.7).

No significant differences were found in meconium-stained amniotic fluid; postpartum haemorrhage >1000 ml; third- and fourth-degree tear; maternal readmission/outpatient visit 0–28 days postpartum and severe maternal morbidity.

In addition, infant birth weight (mean: 3.636 kg (FMU) and 3.641 kg (OU), cervical dilatation on admission (mean: 4.4 cm (FMU) and 4.3 cm (OU)) and duration of admission for labour care (mean: 5.3 h (FMU) and 5.6 h (OU)) were no different between the two study groups.

Birth interventions

As shown in table 3, compared with OU women, FMU women were significantly less likely to experience: instrumental delivery (0.4, 0.3 to 0.6), oxytocin augmentation in labour (0.5, 0.3 to 0.6), treatment for shoulder dystocia (0.1, 0.01 to 0.8), perineal suturing (0.8, 0.7 to 0.9), intrauterine palpation (0.3, 0.1 to 0.9) and epidural analgesia (0.4, 0.3 to 0.6).

Table 3

Birth interventions and pain relief

Outcome	Freestanding midwifery unit (n)	Obstetric unit (n)	RR (95% CI)	p Value
Birth interventions and pain relief
Spontaneous vaginal birth	796 (94.9)	751 (89.5)	1.06 (1.03 to 1.09)	0.0000
Instrumental delivery*	25 (3.0)	61 (7.8)	0.4 (0.3 to 0.6)	0.0000
Oxytocin augmentation of labour	69 (8.2)	154 (18.6)	0.5 (0.3 to 0.6)	0.0000
Treatment for shoulder dystocia	1 (0.1)	10 (1.2)	0.1 (0.01 to 0.8)	0.0117
One or more uterotonics	675 (80.5)	672 (80.1)	1.0 (0.9 to 1.0)	0.9070
Perineal suturing	294 (35.0)	366 (43.6)	0.8 (0.7 to 0.9)	0.0002
Intrauterine palpation	5 (0.6)	16 (1.9)	0.3 (0.1 to 0.9)	0.0266
Pain relief
Epidural analgesia	35 (4.2)	86 (10.3)	0.4 (0.3 to 0.6)	0.0000
Water tub for pain relief	269 (32.1)	197 (23.5)	1.4 (1.2 to 1.6)	0.0001
Other
Non recumbent position for birth	188 (22.4)	158 (18.3)	1.2 (0.98 to 1.4)	0.0964

Freestanding midwifery unit midwives had extended authorisation to perform ventouse deliveries in case of acute fetal distress in the second stage of labour (ventouse delivery is included in the International Confederation of Midwives Essential Competencies for Midwifery Practice, and midwives in many different settings and countries have acquired the necessary skills). This was used only once, in a case of acute bradycardia. Apgar score 2/1, 8/5, 10/10.

Moreover, compared with OU women, FMU women were significantly more likely to experience spontaneous vaginal birth (1.06, 1.03 to 1.09) and the use of a water tub for pain relief (1.4, 1.2 to 1.6).

No significant differences between groups were found for one or more uterotonics, and non-recumbent position for birth.

Other analyses

A regression analysis adjusting for the matching characteristics showed coinciding results with the match analysis, thus confirming the robustness of our results and matching. A subgroup analysis comparing the late collected data on 2004-FMU participants with the main, prospectively collected data detected no systematic differences or deviation of results between the two bodies of data.

Transfer

All reasons for transfer are tabulated in table 4. Overall intrapartum transfer rates (up to 2 h postpartum) were 14.8% but different for primiparous and multiparous women (36.7 vs 7.2%). The most common reason for transfer for all women was slow progress of labour. Ambulance transfers from the two FMUs averaged 42/38 min (range: 20–60).

Table 4

Causes of freestanding midwifery unit to obstetric unit transfer

	Primipara (%)	Multipara (%)	All (%)
Total no of transfers intrapartum or <2 h after birth	79/215 (36.7)	45/624 (7.2)	124/839 (14.8)
Causes for intrapartum transfers
Failure to progress (cervical dilation >3 cm or during second stage)*	42 (53.2)	13 (44.8)	55 (44.4)
Meconium-stained amniotic fluid	9 (11.4)	5 (11.1)	14 (11.3)
Fetal heart rate abnormality	5 (6.3)	5 (11.1)	10 (8.1)
Prolonged latent phase†/rupture of membranes >24 h (+ birth not imminent)	3 (3.8)	4 (8.9)	7 (5.6)
Request for epidural analgesia	5 (6.3)	1 (2.2)	6 (4.8)
Abnormal fetal presentation (cephalic or caudal presentation)	4 (5.1)	1 (2.2)	5 (4.0)
Causes for transfers after birth but <2 h postpartum
Perineal trauma (complicated/third-/fourth-degree tear)	10 (12.7)	6 (13.3)	16 (12.9)
Retained placenta/postpartum haemorrhage <500 ml	1 (1.3)	8 (17.8)	9 (7.3)
Minor respiratory problem (infant)	0 (–)	2 (4.4)	2 (1.6)
Total no of transfers intrapartum or <2 h after birth	79 (100)	45 (100)	124 (100)
Causes for transfers >2 h after birth/during postpartum stay
Neonatal cause (light for date, minor respiratory problem, hypoglycaemia, jaundice)	6 (85.7)	5 (83.3)	11 (84.6)
Maternal cause (postpartum bleeding, infection)	1 (14.3)	1 (16.7)	2 (15.3)
Total no of postpartum transfers	7 (100)	6 (100)	13 (100)

Delay in the first stage of labour was defined as no progress for 2 h and delay in the second stage as a duration of active second stage of >2 h for primiparas and >1 h for multiparas.

If painful contractions >24 h and a cervical dilatation <3 cm (or before, if preferred by the woman).

After transfer, women had shared care between an obstetrician and a midwife, and 36% of transferred women continued to be cared for by the FMU midwife under the supervision of an obstetrician.

Adverse outcomes were defined as severe maternal morbidity, perinatal mortality, Apgar score <7/5 min and >1 week NICU admittance. One incident of severe maternal morbidity (uterine rupture) occurred among the OU women. In the FMU group, one perinatal/neonatal death occurred owing to an undetected, severe congenital malformation. Nine infants were born with 5 min Apgar scores of 4–6; three belonged to the FMU group but were born in an OU following intrapartum transferral. Eight of the nine infants were admitted to NICU; all were later discharged well.

Three infants from the FMU group, who were born in an OU after transfer, had NICU stays exceeding 1 week. One infant with a 5/5 Apgar score had a stay of 36 days, but this was due primarily to an undetected congenital heart disease.

One adverse perinatal event was dealt with in an FMU shortly after its opening. Owing to an umbilical-cord prolapse, an emergency caesarean section was carried out by a gynaecologist, employed at the unit before its transformation into a FMU and summoned against protocol. The Apgar scores were 10/1, 10/5. Supplementary information on all adverse events is provided in online table C.

Discussion

Key results

This study was powered to compare two primary maternal and infant outcomes for women at low risk who intended to give birth in FMU or OU settings. We found no significant differences in Apgar score <7/5 min, and women in the FMU group were less likely to have experienced a caesarean section.

Looking at secondary outcomes, there were no significant differences between Apgar scores <9/5, <7/1 min; total number of NICU admittances; NICU admittance >48 h; neonatal asphyxia; or neonatal readmission to hospital. Among this population of low-risk women, women in the FMU group compared with the OU group were significantly less likely to experience dystocia, intrapartum fetal–pelvic complications, occipital–posterior position of the infant at birth, shoulder dystocia, oxytocin augmentation, instrumental delivery and postpartum haemorrhage >500 ml. Moreover, women in the FMU group were significantly more likely to experience spontaneous vaginal birth and intact perineum.

Limitations

The limitations of our study stem partly from its observational design, and partly from the sudden closure of the two FMUs. A non-randomised study design precludes elimination of all potential confounding factors; only known confounders can be adjusted for, and only as far as they can be accurately measured. Despite our close matching of study groups and adjustment for matching factors, residual confounding and confounding by unknown factors related to women's choice of care in labour may persist. In addition, bias linked to the delayed data collection for 289 FMU participants from 2004 cannot be ruled out, but we were somewhat reassured to find that the 2004 data were in conformity with the later data. Our contention that such a risk is limited is also supported by the fact that no interventions were performed in the study, participants were included on the same principles, individual and project-specific data collections were performed for all participants, patient records were of good quality, and all control participants were prospectively included. The obstetric quality indicators, which were compiled annually by the units, were closely followed to detect any changes in practices or technology use; no systematic changes occurred during the study period. No new technology was introduced, and no major changes in obstetrical practices were implemented.

Furthermore, some outcomes (Apgar scores, postpartum haemorrhage) were exposed to measurement subjectivity, others were proxies for morbidity, although globally used quality indicators/research outcomes, and the number of events in some analyses was low. It is also uncertain whether the outcomes would have been different for the two FMU infants had (1) a caesarean section not been performed and (2) the infant with severe congenital malformation been born in the alternative setting. Ideally, the results should be confirmed (or refuted) in a large randomised controlled trial, but as the recruitment of an adequately large number of women willing to be randomised to place of birth would be logistically challenging, the most robust design seems to be a large prospective cohort study.

Strengths

We present findings from the second-largest prospectively controlled study of FMU care so far. A major strength of our study is that it compares processes and outcomes from women who have been prospectively judged to be at low obstetric risk in two well-defined and carefully established settings in the same region and that care for women in both groups is provided by midwives. Also, contrary to several earlier studies,10 16 29 the data are complete, as all eligible women planning to give birth in the FMU settings were included, and a full follow-up on all participants was carried out.

Interpretation

We found no differences in perinatal morbidity between groups, and our results agree with the results of most studies of FMU versus OU care.6 11 18–30 Although women were transferred to the OU without delay (3–23 h before giving birth), it is a concern that the three NICU stays exceeding 1 week occurred in the FMU group. Further study of rare adverse outcomes and optimisation of care for transferred women is needed.

The study findings also agree with other studies of FMU care6 10 18 24 26 28 29 that have all reported a reduced incidence of birth interventions while the caesarean section rate is seldom found to be affected, something which may stem from inadequacies in the power or robustness of their design. In this respect, our study forms an important exception in finding a significant reduction in caesarean section in women in the FMU group. In addition, the present study is the first to report that FMU women were significantly less likely to experience fetal–pelvic complications, occipital–posterior position of the infant at birth and shoulder dystocia compared with OU women.

FMU care is a complex intervention, and although the study does not enable us to be specific about the individual mechanisms or elements of FMU care leading to decreases in the incidence of birth complications and birth interventions, including caesarean section, we would indicate as influencing factors the greater availability of continuous support during labour, the encouragement of women to ambulate and adopt a different position during labour, and the spacious and calm FMU facilities. Continuous support during labour has been proved to reduce birth interventions and the need for pharmaceutical pain relief.50 Mobilisation and the practice of the hand–knee position have furthermore been shown to support fetal rotation into an occipital anterior position and to reduce the duration of labour.51 52 In contrast, the use of epidural analgesia and oxytocin augmentation in OU care both require CTG monitoring and are likely to restrict mobility53 and thus use of different labour positions. Furthermore, oxytocin augmentation can cause uterine hyperstimulation leading to fetal heart-rate abnormality and oxygen desaturation.54

The overall rate of transfers intrapartum and <2 h after birth at 14.8% is comparable18 or slightly lower than that found in some studies of FMU care21 22 24 26 (18–24%), though one study6 reported a slightly lower rate of 12%. Few studies report transfer rates for primiparas and multiparas separately, but a large American study also finds a transfer rate of 7% for multiparas but a lower rate of 29% for primiparas.24 In all studies, slow progress of labour was one of the most common reasons for transfer, depending on the strictness of transfer guidelines. These findings provide information upon which women, professionals and policy makers can make decisions. However, these will vary depending upon individual preferences and trade-offs.

We suggest that the assessment of the risk of rare adverse outcomes in low-risk FMU births be balanced against our findings that infant morbidity was not affected, and women intending to give birth in a FMU are less likely to suffer complications or undergo caesarean section and other birth interventions when compared with women intending to give birth in an OU.

Generalisability

Data were collected between 2004 and 2006, but there has been no change in the background characteristics of participants at that time compared with latest national data in Denmark.41 55

Any generalisation of our findings must consider the full public funding of all maternity services in Denmark. The FMU midwives were skilled in dealing with obstetric emergencies, cooperation between FMUs and OUs was excellent, and the local implementation of multidisciplinary guidelines for referral and transfer was based on the best evidence available, thus improving the reliability of care provided. Furthermore, the FMUs were located in community hospitals that offered life-supporting assistance in emergencies. Generalising to other countries offering different conditions should be made with caution.

Compared with most other countries, Denmark is culturally less diverse and characterised by less social inequality, with high standards of health and one of the lowest perinatal mortalities in the world (6.6 per 1000 in 2004).56 However, the FMU women in this study had higher-than-average BMIs and a lower educational and occupational status than Danish women in general,49 55 characteristics that reflect the life conditions and health status of women in the FMUs' peripheral catchment area. We take this as an indication that positive outcomes for women choosing FMU care are not necessarily restricted to women privileged by high socio-economic status or excellent health, an assumption that is in line with the findings of the largest study so far of FMU care.16

The distances between the four units studied were 35–55 km; FMU and OU care was thus not equally accessible to all women. Taking into account the characteristics of women in the study and the finding of convenience/proximity as the most important factor in North Jutland women's choice of birthplace,57 we hypothesise that philosophies/ideas about childbirth play a minor role in our study in comparison with studies involving women whose choices are not affected by geography.

Further work should examine the potential influence of birth expectations and perceptions on women's choice between FMU and OU care to determine any impact of world views or philosophies on birth outcomes. Additional aims would be to elucidate the underlying elements of FMU care and their influence on outcomes, and to explore the potential differences between alongside midwifery units care and FMU care. Operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness and rare outcomes also present areas for further work, the latter through a rigorous review of controlled studies of FMU.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the present study found no increase in perinatal morbidity among infants of low-risk women intending to give birth in an FMU compared with infants of women intending to give birth in an OU. Among the FMU women, it found reduced maternal morbidity, fewer caesarean sections and other birth interventions, along with an increased likelihood of spontaneous vaginal birth. Further study of rare adverse outcomes is needed.

Care in FMUs may be considered an adequate alternative to OU care for low-risk women within a network of supporting OUs. Pregnant women should thus be given an informed basis for their choice of birthing place, with information on key maternal and infant outcomes, and transfer rates for multiparous and primiparous women. FMU care seems to offer important lessons that should also be brought to bear on the development of OU care for low-risk women.