OBJECTIVE: To investigate a novel non-invasive device developed to warm bladder urine and to measure kidney temperature to detect vesicoureteral reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Microwave antennas focused energy within the bladder. Phantom experiments measured the results. The heating protocol was optimized in an in-vivo porcine model, and then tested once, twice and three times consecutively in three pigs followed by pathologic examinations. RESULTS: Computer simulations showed a dual concentric conductor square slot antenna to be the best. Phantom studies revealed that this antenna easily heated a bladder phantom without over heating intervening layers. In-vivo a bladder heating protocol of 3 min with 30 W each to two adjacent antennas 45 s on 15 s off followed by 15 min of 15 s on and 45 s off was sufficient. When pigs were heated once, twice and three times with this heating protocol, pathologic examination of all tissues in the heated area showed no thermal changes. More intensive heating in the animal may have resulted in damage to muscle fibers in the anterior abdominal wall. CONCLUSIONS: Selective warming of bladder urine was successfully demonstrated in phantom and animals. Localized heating for this novel vesicoureteral reflux device requires low-power levels and should be safe for humans.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate a novel non-invasive device developed to warm bladder urine and to measure kidney temperature to detect vesicoureteral reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Microwave antennas focused energy within the bladder. Phantom experiments measured the results. The heating protocol was optimized in an in-vivo porcine model, and then tested once, twice and three times consecutively in three pigs followed by pathologic examinations. RESULTS: Computer simulations showed a dual concentric conductor square slot antenna to be the best. Phantom studies revealed that this antenna easily heated a bladder phantom without over heating intervening layers. In-vivo a bladder heating protocol of 3 min with 30 W each to two adjacent antennas 45 s on 15 s off followed by 15 min of 15 s on and 45 s off was sufficient. When pigs were heated once, twice and three times with this heating protocol, pathologic examination of all tissues in the heated area showed no thermal changes. More intensive heating in the animal may have resulted in damage to muscle fibers in the anterior abdominal wall. CONCLUSIONS: Selective warming of bladder urine was successfully demonstrated in phantom and animals. Localized heating for this novel vesicoureteral reflux device requires low-power levels and should be safe for humans.
Authors: Paolo F Maccarini; Kavitha Arunachalam; Titania Juang; Valeria De Luca; Sneha Rangarao; Daniel Neumann; Carlos Daniel Martins; Oana Craciunescu; Paul R Stauffer Journal: Int Conf Electromagn Adv Appl Date: 2009
Authors: Kavitha Arunachalam; Paolo F Maccarini; Valeria De Luca; Fernando Bardati; Brent W Snow; Paul R Stauffer Journal: Phys Med Biol Date: 2010-08-25 Impact factor: 3.609
Authors: Paul R Stauffer; Paolo F Maccarini; Kavitha Arunachalam; Valeria De Luca; Sara Salahi; Alina Boico; Oystein Klemetsen; Yngve Birkelund; Svein K Jacobsen; Fernando Bardati; Piero Tognolatti; Brent Snow Journal: Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng Date: 2011-02-22
Authors: Tiago R Oliveira; Paul R Stauffer; Chen-Ting Lee; Chelsea Landon; Wiguins Etienne; Paolo F Maccarini; Brant Inman; Mark W Dewhirst Journal: Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng Date: 2013-02-26
Authors: Yngve Birkelund; Øystein Klemetsen; Svein K Jacobsen; Kavitha Arunachalam; Paolo Maccarini; Paul R Stauffer Journal: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng Date: 2011-09-06 Impact factor: 4.538
Authors: Dario B Rodrigues; Paolo F Maccarini; Sara Salahi; Erin Colebeck; Erdem Topsakal; Pedro J S Pereira; Paulo Limão-Vieira; Paul R Stauffer Journal: Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng Date: 2013-02-26