When signaling kinases meet histones and histone modifiers in the nucleus.

Signaling pathways involve cascades of protein phosphorylation and ultimately affect regulation of transcription in the nucleus. However, most of the kinases in these pathways have not been generally considered to directly modulate transcription thus far. Here, recent significant progress in the field elucidating direct modifications of histones and histone modifiers by upstream kinases is summarized, and future directions are discussed.