Combinatorial readout of dual histone modifications by paired chromatin-associated modules.

The study of histone modifications and their interaction with effector modules/proteins has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Accumulating evidence indicates that epigenetic regulation, which involves post-translational modification on histones and DNAs or the participation of RNAs, plays an important role in many cellular processes. Histone modifications can function individually but are also capable of functioning combinatorially as a pattern. Recently, much more attention has focused on interpreting combined histone patterns by their downstream effectors. Structure/function-based studies on paired module-mediated histone cross-talk have greatly enhanced our understanding of the plasticity of the "histone code" hypothesis.