Development of "oligotyping" for characterization and molecular epidemiology of TEM beta-lactamases in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

Based on the DNA sequences of blaTEM-1 and blaTEM-2, which encode parental penicillinases TEM-1 and TEM-2, respectively, and blaTEM-3, blaTEM-4, blaTEM-5, blaTEM-6, and blaTEM-7, which encode extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, we designed heptadecanucleotides to discriminate point mutations in five loci. Determination of the hybridization profiles by colony hybridization with this selection of probes, termed "oligotyping," allowed characterization of the TEM variants present in 265 clinical isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae that exhibit synergism between a penicillinase inhibitor and broad-spectrum cephaslosporins. Among the 222 strains harboring TEM enzymes, Klebsiella pneumoniae (48%) and Escherichia coli (21%) were predominant, and TEM-3 was the most common enzyme (60%). Penicillinases TEM-1 and TEM-2 were detected alone (15 and 1%, respectively), combined (1%), or associated with another TEM beta-lactamase (17 and 6%, respectively). Fourteen variants, including seven new enzymes, were detected. One, TEM-13, was a new penicillinase with the same isoelectric point and substrate range as TEM-2 but differed by a single amino acid substitution, whereas the others, TEM-14 to TEM-19, were extended-spectrum beta-lactamases that consisted of novel combinations of known amino acid substitutions. Different TEM variants were found to coexist within the same cells. A patient could harbor two or three different strains that encoded the same enzyme or two indistinguishable isolates that produced distinct TEM beta-lactamases.