Allen B King1, Dana U Armstrong. 1. Diabetes Care Center, Salinas, California, USA. aking@diabetescarecenter.com
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Current bolus insulin dosing recommendations are based on retrospective studies of patients with Type 1 diabetes in whom the glucose control was not intensely established. Using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), we prospectively studied these recommendations in patients treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. METHODS: Thirty subjects were studied over a mean of two weeks of continuous glucose monitoring with near daily insulin adjustments. First a basal glucose goal was achieved of <5% of values <70 mg/dL and <20%>, 170 mg/dL. Then bolus dosing factors; Insulin to Carbohydrate Ratio (g of meal carbohydrates/unit of insulin, ICR) and Correction Factor (mg/dL fall in blood glucose/unit of insulin, CF); were established for each meal time to a goal of +/- 20% of premeal glucose (ICR) or 80-120 mg/dL (CF) by the fourth post bolus hour. RESULTS: All treatment goals were achieved in each subject. Modification of formulas from ICR = 450/Total Daily Dose (TDD) to ICR = (217/TDD) + 3 and from CF = 1700/TDD to CF = (1076/TDD) + 12 more closely matched observed results than published formulas. There was no significant difference in each factor with time of day. There was a highly significant relationship between ICR and CF, ICR*4.44 = CF (r = 0.9, p < 0.0005), total basal dose (TBD) and TDD. CONCLUSIONS: Current formulas need to be modified to provide higher insulin bolus doses. The interrelationships between ICR, CF, TBD and TDD suggest that any change in one may require a change in the others.
BACKGROUND: Current bolus insulin dosing recommendations are based on retrospective studies of patients with Type 1 diabetes in whom the glucose control was not intensely established. Using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), we prospectively studied these recommendations in patients treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. METHODS: Thirty subjects were studied over a mean of two weeks of continuous glucose monitoring with near daily insulin adjustments. First a basal glucose goal was achieved of <5% of values <70 mg/dL and <20%>, 170 mg/dL. Then bolus dosing factors; Insulin to Carbohydrate Ratio (g of meal carbohydrates/unit of insulin, ICR) and Correction Factor (mg/dL fall in blood glucose/unit of insulin, CF); were established for each meal time to a goal of +/- 20% of premeal glucose (ICR) or 80-120 mg/dL (CF) by the fourth post bolus hour. RESULTS: All treatment goals were achieved in each subject. Modification of formulas from ICR = 450/Total Daily Dose (TDD) to ICR = (217/TDD) + 3 and from CF = 1700/TDD to CF = (1076/TDD) + 12 more closely matched observed results than published formulas. There was no significant difference in each factor with time of day. There was a highly significant relationship between ICR and CF, ICR*4.44 = CF (r = 0.9, p < 0.0005), total basal dose (TBD) and TDD. CONCLUSIONS: Current formulas need to be modified to provide higher insulin bolus doses. The interrelationships between ICR, CF, TBD and TDD suggest that any change in one may require a change in the others.
Authors: F J Service; R A Rizza; L D Hall; R E Westland; P C O'Brien; A H Clemens; M W Haymond; J E Gerich Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 1983-11 Impact factor: 5.958