LoComatioN: a software tool for the analysis of low copy number DNA profiles.

Previously, the interpretation of low copy number (LCN) STR profiles has been carried out using the biological or 'consensus' method-essentially, alleles are not reported, unless duplicated in separate PCR analyses [P. Gill, J. Whitaker, C. Flaxman, N. Brown, J. Buckleton, An investigation of the rigor of interpretation rules for STRs derived from less than 100 pg of DNA, Forens. Sci. Int. 112 (2000) 17-40]. The method is now widely used throughout Europe. Although a probabilistic theory was simultaneously introduced, its time-consuming complexity meant that it could not be easily applied in practice. The 'consensus' method is not as efficient as the probabilistic approach, as the former wastes information in DNA profiles. However, the theory was subsequently extended to allow for DNA mixtures and population substructure in a programmed solution by Curran et al. [J.M. Curran, P. Gill, M.R. Bill, Interpretation of repeat measurement DNA evidence allowing for multiple contributors and population substructure, Forens. Sci. Int. 148 (2005) 47-53]. In this paper, we describe an expert interpretation system (LoComatioN) which removes this computational burden, and enables application of the full probabilistic method. This is the first expert system that can be used to rapidly evaluate numerous alternative explanations in a likelihood ratio approach, greatly facilitating court evaluation of the evidence. This would not be possible with manual calculation. Finally, the Gill et al. and Curran et al. papers both rely on the ability of the user to specify two quantities: the probability of allelic drop-out, and the probability of allelic contamination ("drop-in"). In this paper, we offer some guidelines on how these quantities may be specified.