Pending intentions: effects of prospective task encoding on the performance of another task.

A number of recent studies casts doubt on the empirical separability of processes of task preparation from the actual execution of the respective task. We report two experiments in which we separated the precueing of a task from its execution by an intervening task. In addition, for the precued task we employed imperative stimuli that in most cases were associated with a competing task, making the execution of this task dependent on an internal representation of the information provided by the precue. Under these conditions, the performance of the intervening task suffered specific interference as a function of its relation to the precued task. This suggests that the encoding of the precue resulted in specific preparation for the precued task. Furthermore, the transition between the intervening task and the precued task was associated with relatively small costs that did not vary as a function of the interval that separated the two tasks. This also suggests that a great deal of preparation for the second task already took place during the encoding of the precue. Further observations suggest that the resolution of the interference between a memory-based task representation, as well as a perceptually induced task representation, and the representation of the currently relevant task took place on the level of individual task features.