Karin Mogg1, Matt Field, Brendan P Bradley. 1. Centre for the Study of Emotion and Motivation, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK, k.mogg@soton.ac.uk
Abstract
RATIONALE: Different theories of addiction make conflicting predictions about whether attentional and approach biases for smoking-related cues are enhanced, or reduced, as a function of the level of nicotine dependence. OBJECTIVE: These theoretical views were evaluated by examining cognitive biases in smokers. METHODS: We monitored the eye movements of 41 smokers (predominantly young adults, who smoked from one to 40 cigarettes per day) as they completed a visual probe task in which smoking-related and matched control pictures were presented. Participants also completed a stimulus-response compatibility task, which measured the tendency to approach smoking-related cues, and a rating task. RESULTS: Smokers with lower levels of nicotine dependence showed greater maintained attention and faster approach responses to smoking-related cues. Longer gaze times for smoking cues were associated not only with lower levels of nicotine dependence, but also with higher levels of craving. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results seem consistent with an integrated 'incentive-habit' model of addiction.
RATIONALE: Different theories of addiction make conflicting predictions about whether attentional and approach biases for smoking-related cues are enhanced, or reduced, as a function of the level of nicotine dependence. OBJECTIVE: These theoretical views were evaluated by examining cognitive biases in smokers. METHODS: We monitored the eye movements of 41 smokers (predominantly young adults, who smoked from one to 40 cigarettes per day) as they completed a visual probe task in which smoking-related and matched control pictures were presented. Participants also completed a stimulus-response compatibility task, which measured the tendency to approach smoking-related cues, and a rating task. RESULTS: Smokers with lower levels of nicotine dependence showed greater maintained attention and faster approach responses to smoking-related cues. Longer gaze times for smoking cues were associated not only with lower levels of nicotine dependence, but also with higher levels of craving. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results seem consistent with an integrated 'incentive-habit' model of addiction.
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