Resonance frequency of microbubbles: effect of viscosity.

The transmitted frequency at which a gas bubble of millimeter or submillimeter size oscillates resonantly in a low-viscosity liquid is approximately equal to the undamped natural frequency (referred to as the Minnaert frequency if surface tension effects are disregarded). Based on a theoretical analysis of bubble oscillation, this paper shows that such an approximation cannot be validated for microbubbles used in contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. The contrast-agent microbubbles represent either encapsulated bubbles of size less than 10 microm or free (nonencapsulated) bubbles of submicron size. The resonance frequency of the microbubbles deviates significantly from the undamped natural frequency over the whole range of microbubble sizes due to the increased viscous damping coefficient. The difference between these two frequencies is shown to have a tremendous impact on the resonant backscatter by the microbubbles. In particular, the first and second harmonics of the backscattered signal from the microbubbles are characterized by their own resonance frequencies, equal to neither the microbubble resonance frequency nor the undamped natural frequency.