Advances in high content screening for drug discovery.

Cell-based target validation, secondary screening, lead optimization, and structure-activity relationships have been recast with the advent of HCS. Prior to HCS, a computational approach to the characterization of the functions of specific target proteins and other cellular constituents, along with whole-cell functions employing fluorescence cell-based assays and microscopy, required extensive interaction among the researcher, instrumentation, and software tools. Early HCS platforms were instrument-centric and addressed the need to interface fully automated fluorescence microscopy, plate-handling automation, and seamless image analysis. HCS has since evolved into an integrated solution for accelerated drug discovery by encompassing the workflow components of assay and reagent design, robust instrumentation for automated fixed-end-point and live cell kinetic analysis, generalized and specific BioApplication software (Cellomics, Pittsburgh, PA) modules that produce information on drug responses from cell image data, and informatics/bioinformatics solutions that build knowledge from this information while providing a means to globalize HCS throughout an entire organization. This review communicates how these recent advances are incorporated into the drug discovery workflow by presenting a real-world use case.