Stress fractures in the athlete. Diagnosis and management.

Stress fractures can be a troublesome injury for the sports medicine clinician. The first description was in military personnel, but recently there is an increasing awareness and diagnosis of stress fractures in the athletic population. Stress fractures have been described in all extremities. Some fractures appear to have a degree of sports specificity. Bone is a dynamic tissue which strengthens and remodels in response to stress. Maladaptation to stress causes osteoclastic activity to supersede osteoblastic activity, thereby allowing weakening of the bone. These areas of weakening may fracture and create prodromal symptoms and clinical findings. Localised pains of insidious onset which are activity related are the hallmarks in the clinical history. The physical examination can exhibit localised tenderness, redness and swelling. Radiographs can be negative for up to 4 months. The gold standard for diagnosis is the triple phase 99mtechnetium bone scan. The treatment of a stress fracture is usually conservative. Very few cases require surgical management. The algorithm of conservative management includes: rest, appropriate education for treatment and preventive care, analgesics, serial radiographs, icing and physical therapy modalities, appropriate exercise to prevent detraining, rehabilitation and a regimented return to participation and competition.