Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses using comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis to elucidate selectivity differences of inhibitors binding to trypsin, thrombin, and factor Xa.

Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) methods were applied using a training set of 72 inhibitors of the benzamidine type with respect to their binding affinities (Ki values) toward thrombin, trypsin, and factor Xa to yield statistically reliable models of good predictive power. Two methods were compared: the widely used comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and the recently reported CoMSIA approach (comparative molecular similarity indices analysis). CoMSIA produced significantly better results for all correlations. Furthermore, in contrast to CoMFA, CoMSIA is not sensitive to changes in orientation of the superimposed molecules in the lattice. The correlation results obtained by CoMSIA were graphically interpreted in terms of field contribution maps allowing physicochemical properties relevant for binding to be easily mapped back onto molecular structures. The advantage of this feature is demonstrated using the maps to design new molecules. Finally, the CoMSIA method was applied to elucidate structural features among ligands which are responsible for affinity differences toward thrombin and trypsin. These selectivity-determining features were interpreted graphically in terms of spatial regions responsible for affinity discrimination. Such indicators are highly informative for the lead optimization process with respect to selectivity enhancement.