Thermodynamic analysis of biomolecules: a volumetric approach.

Fundamental thermodynamic relationships reveal that volumetric studies on molecules of interest can yield useful new information. In particular, appropriately designed volumetric studies can characterize the properties of molecules as a function of solution conditions, including the role of solvation. Until recently, such studies on biologically interesting molecules have been limited because of the lack of readily available instrumentation with the requisite sensitivity; however, during the past decade, advances in the development of highly sensitive, small-volume densimetric, acoustic and high-pressure spectroscopic instrumentation have enabled biological molecules to be subjected to a wide range of volumetric studies. In fact, the volumetric methods used in these studies have already provided unique insights into the molecular origins of the intramolecular and intermolecular recognition events that modulate biomolecular processes. Of particular note are recent volumetric studies on globular proteins and nucleic acid duplexes. These studies have provided unique insights into the role of hydration in modulating the stabilities of these biopolymers, as well as their conformational transitions and ligand-binding properties.