Total thyroidectomy does not enhance disease control or survival even in high-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The extent of primary thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer is controversial. There are strong proponents for total thyroidectomy based on its presumed and theoretical disease control benefits. In contrast, there are equally strong advocates of less aggressive thyroidectomy with its lower hazard of parathyroid and recurrent nerve injury. The authors have addressed whether total thyroidectomy has a survival benefit justifying its use in patients with high-risk primary cancer. The major risk factors include age and the following the pathologic determinants follicular histology, vascular invasion, and extracapsular extension.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical pathologic, therapeutic, prognostic, and outcome data were reviewed in 347 patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Seventy-five percent were women, 216 patients were in the younger age group (low-risk) (21-50 years), 103 were in the intermediate-risk group (51-70 years), and 28 were in the high-risk group (>70 years). Included in the high-risk pathologic category were 158 patients who had follicular histology (55), extracapsular extension (107), or vascular invasion (119). Total thyroidectomy was performed in 56 patients, near or subtotal thyroidectomy in 47 patients and lobectomy in 55 patients. The 10-year disease specific survival in the overall patient group was 82% in patients with total thyroidectomy, 78% in patients with subtotal thyroidectomy, and 89% in patients with lobectomy (p = 0.30). There was no significant survival difference according to extent of thyroidectomy in the intermediate or high-risk groups either by age or in patients who had high-risk pathologic feature.
CONCLUSIONS: Total thyroidectomy in high-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (containing follicular histology, vascular invasion, or extracapsular extension) showed no benefit over partial thyroidectomy. This suggests that the general use of total thyroidectomy is not indicated, except in highly selected patients.