Probing visual motion signals with a priming paradigm.

The perceived motion of a vertical sine-wave luminance grating which undergoes an abrupt 180 deg phase shift (motion step) is ambiguous. The grating sometimes appears to move rightward; sometimes leftward. However, when the 180 deg step follows closely upon an unambiguous grating step, the 180 deg step appears to be in the same direction as the unambiguous step. This phenomenon is termed visual motion priming (VMP), and some of the characteristics of the phenomenon were investigated in a series of experiments. The main findings were that priming (1) lasted for hundreds of msec; (2) was at a maximum when the magnitude of the priming step was 90 deg; (3) was scarcely affected by spatial frequency in the range 0.7-2.8 c/deg; and (4) at suprathreshold contrasts depended upon the relative contrast, not the absolute contrasts, of the frames comprising the priming step. The experiments were conducted within the framework of a motion energy model (Adelson & Bergen, 1985) which possessed an extra stage which summed motion signals over time. Some of the results could be explained by the second-stage integrator. Other nonlinear relationships between VMP and contrast require some form of motion signal compression, and perhaps even a mechanism of dynamic contrast processing.