Effects of hypoxanthine substitution on bleomycin-mediated DNA strand degradation in DNA-RNA hybrids.

We have reported on the differences in site-specific cleavage between DNA and DNA-RNA hybrids by various prototypic DNA cleavers (accompanying paper). In the case of bleomycin (BLM), degradation at 5'-GC-3'sites was suppressed relative to the same sequence in double-stranded DNA, while 5'-GT-3' damage remained constant. We now present results of our further investigation on the chemical and conformational factors that contribute to BLM-mediated DNA strand cleavage of DNA-RNA hybrids. Substitution of guanine by hypoxanthine on the RNA strand of hybrids resulted in a significant enhancement of 5'-GC-3' site damage on the DNA strand relative to double-stranded DNA, thus reversing the suppression noted at these sites. Additionally, 5'-AT-3' sites, which are damaged significantly more in the hybrid than in DNA, exhibit decreased product formation when hypoxanthine is present on the RNA strand of hybrids. However, when hypoxanthine is substituted for guanine on the DNA strand (a GC cleavage site becomes IC), 5'-IT-3' and 5'-IC-3' site cleavage is almost completely suppressed, whereas AT site cleavage is dramatically enhanced. The priority in metallobleomycin site-specific cleavage of hybrids changes with hypoxanthine substitution: the cleavage priority is AT > GT > GC in native hybrid; GC > GT > AT in hybrids substituted with hypoxanthine in the RNA strand; AT >> GT approximately GC in hybrids substituted with hypoxanthine in the DNA strand. The results of kinetic isotope effect studies on BLM cleavage are presented and, in most cases, the values are larger for the hypoxanthine-substituted hybrid. The results suggest that the 2-amino groups of guanine residues on both strands of the nucleic acid play an important role in modulation of the binding and cleavage specificity of BLM.