Contrasting enzymatic activities of topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase from Escherichia coli.

DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Topo IV) have distinct roles as unlinking enzymes during DNA replication despite 40% sequence identity between them. DNA gyrase unlinks replicating DNA by introducing negative supercoils while Topo IV decatenates the two daughter molecules. For this study, we measured the rates of unlinking of various topoisomers of DNA by DNA gyrase and Topo IV. Each enzyme has marked preferences for certain strand-passage reactions. DNA gyrase is a relatively poor decatenase, catalyzing strand-passage events that result in supercoiling at rates several orders of magnitude faster than those causing decatenation. Topo IV, in contrast, decatenates linked circles 10-40 times more quickly than it removes the intramolecular crossings from supercoiled DNA. Supercoiled catenanes are unlinked at an even more increased rate by Topo IV. Thus, the supercoils augment decatenation rather than compete with catenane crossings for their removal. Knot crossings and the crossings of multiply interlinked catenanes are also preferentially removed by Topo IV. This ability of Topo IV to selectively unlink catenated molecules mirrors its key role in decatenation of replicating chromosomes in vivo.