The influence of task resistance on the characteristics of maximal one- and two-handed lifting exertions in men and women.

Dynamic lifting strength was assessed at lift velocities ranging from 0 to 1 m.s-1 using a hydrodynamometer in which the viscous resistance to motion could be preset. Nine men and nine women performed one- and two-handed dynamic exertions against low, medium, and high resistances. The subjects were required to lift as forcefully and as fast as possible from a height of 400 mm to just above head height. The instantaneous forces recorded at knee, knuckle, hip, shoulder, elbow, and head heights were compared with those obtained during maximal one- and two-handed isometric lifts performed at the same heights. The position of peak force relative to stature was lower for one-handed lifts (35.9% of stature) than for two-handed lifts (38.4% of stature) (P < 0.005), but was unaffected by lift resistance (P > 0.05) and subject sex (P > 0.05). Lifting forces during two-handed exertions were on average 1.5 times greater than for one-handed exertions (P < 0.0001). However, the difference in the strength of one- and two-handed lifts was highly dependent on hand height (P < 0.0001) and task resistance (P < 0.005), and was greater for the men than for the women (P < 0.001). When static lifting strength was measured at heights relative to stature and normalized by dividing by body weight, there was no significant difference in performance between the men and the women [mean normalized female:male: (f:m) strength ratio = 0.76, P > 0.05]. Under dynamic conditions the sex difference in lifting performance was pronounced (mean normalized f:m strength ratio = 0.68, P < 0.01), especially for power output (mean f:m power.unit body weight-1 ratio = 0.52, P < 0.005). The proportion of generality (r2 x 100) between dynamic and static lifting strength was found to range between 63% and 87%. These data suggest that the dynamic and static tests of lifting strength measured a common, intrinsic ability to produce maximal lifting forces. The finding that sex differences in strength are dependent on whether the exertion is static or dynamic has important implications for biomechanical models of human strength.