Interactions of intercalating fluorochromes with DNA analyzed by conventional and fluorescence lifetime flow cytometry utilizing deuterium oxide.

Deuterium oxide (D2O) has been shown in previous studies to increase both the fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence intensity of propidium iodide (PI) and ethidium bromide (EB) when bound to nucleic acid structures. We have used spectroscopic analysis and conventional and phase-sensitive flow cytometry to compare changes in PI and EB fluorescence intensity and lifetime bound to DNA and fixed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in the presence of D2O vs. phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Spectroscopic and flow cytometric studies showed a twofold enhancement of fluorescence intensity of PI and EB bound to fixed CHO cells in D2O and a 5 ns increase in PI and EB fluorescence lifetimes in D2O. The fluorescence lifetime of HL-60 cells stained with PI or EB was found to be 1-2 ns different from that of CHO cells, indicating that the lifetime of these fluorochromes is sensitive to chromatin configuration in different cells types. Apoptotic subpopulations of HL-60 cells had a significantly reduced fluorescence lifetime compared to nonapoptotic subpopulations. Results indicate that different chromatin states, or differences in the structures of PI and EB, lead to alterations in the fluorescence intensity and fluorescence lifetime of these intercalating probes.