Utilization of nuclear matrix proteins for cancer diagnosis.

Circulating tumor markers have been used increasingly in recent years as clinical tools for cancer diagnosis and management. This review presents a brief discussion of currently available tumor-associated antigens. Included is an overview of different functional classes of circulating markers and their clinical applications. The limitations of some traditional tumor markers presently in widespread use are discussed in the context of the properties exhibited by an ideal tumor marker. The nuclear matrix provides structural support for the nucleus and plays a dynamic role in the spatial organization of the genome and in the control of DNA replication and transcription. The recovery of increased amounts of specific nuclear matrix proteins in several different cancers has led to the further study of some of these proteins as a new class of tumor markers. Progress on the use of a nuclear matrix protein known as NuMA as a marker for bladder cancer is presented, including results of a recently completed multisite clinical trial. Additional studies on the potential utility of nuclear matrix proteins as markers for prostate cancer are also presented. Nuclear matrix proteins could provide for the development of assays with increased efficacy for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.