Differential immunostaining of plant chromosomes by antibodies recognizing acetylated histone H4 variants.

Metaphase chromosomes of Vicia faba were exposed to antibodies recognizing defined acetylated isoforms of histone H4. After indirect immunostaining with antibodies directed against H4 acetylated on lysines 5, 8 and 12 respectively, the entire chromosome complement was labelled. The brightest signal appeared at the nucleolus organizing region (NOR). The large genetically inert heterochromatic regions, which are composed of late replicating tandemly repetitive DNA sequences, remained unlabelled. Thus, the chromosomal distribution of histones H4 acetylated at positions of lysine 5, 8 and 12 is broadly correlated with the intensity of transcription and the sequence of replication of the field bean chromatin during interphase. Antibodies against H4 acetylated at lysine 16 also caused a strong signal at the NOR but otherwise a uniform fluorescence along the chromosome.