Two-dimensional constraints on three-dimensional structure from motion tasks.

Can humans recover metric structure from motion sequences or, as has been claimed by Todd and Bressan [(1990) Perception & Psychophysics, 48, 419-430], are they limited to recovering only relief structure? Two experiments were carried out to investigate this question. In a metric-structure task, the angular thresholds for discriminating two rotating bi-planar structures were approximately 91 deg. By contrast, in a relief-structure task, the angular thresholds for discriminating a planar from a non-planar structure, both undergoing simple rotational motion, were only approximately 11 deg. A computational model is proposed to examine the image motion sensitivity required to perform discriminations of both three-dimensional metric and relief structure from motion. When the experimental data were re-plotted in terms of this two-dimensional sensitivity, the thresholds were found to be the same for both tasks. This finding is related to the model's revelation that recovering metric structure from motion is inherently more noise-sensitive than is recovering relief structure from motion. The conclusion is that the differences in angular thresholds reflect the differing nature of the two tasks. There is no evidence that the visual processes themselves are preferentially sensitive to non-metric over metric structure from motion.