Risk factors of corneal graft failure.

PURPOSE: To measure the association between potential risk factors and corneal graft failure. Two failure outcomes are compared: those with and those without a prior immune allograft reaction.
METHODS: Based on a single-center observational study design, 539 adult recipients of a corneal graft were followed for a median time of 30 months. Survival analysis was carried out.
RESULTS: Eighty-two graft failures were recorded. Of 82 failures, 53 (65%) were not preceded by an immune allograft reaction. Presence of blood vessels in the recipient cornea was associated with a twofold increase in risk for both failure outcomes. Three factors increased the risk of failure without an immune reaction: prior glaucoma or uveitis (adjusted relative risk estimate = 3.1), vitreous surgery with the graft (adjusted relative risk estimate = 2.0), and a repeat graft in the study eye (adjusted relative risk estimate = 2.0). Conversely, large graft wound size (adjusted relative risk estimate = 2.0). Conversely, large graft wound size (adjusted relative risk estimate = 2.9) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B incompatibility (adjusted relative risk estimate = 2.2) were associated with failures that followed an immune reaction.
CONCLUSION: In this study, the authors support the clinical impression that corneal graft failures with and without a prior immune reaction are distinct phenomena. Enhanced surveillance in recipients with glaucoma and early intensive treatment of allograft reactions are recommended to improve the outcome of corneal grafts.