Evolutionary relatedness of some primate models of Plasmodium.

Primate--and, specifically, monkey--malaria infections are commonly used for understanding the pathology of and immune response to the human disease because they are thought to resemble most closely the host-parasite relationship found in humans. Plasmodium cynomolgi is used extensively as a model for the human parasite, P. vivax, and P. knowlesi is used primarily as a model for the development of erythrocytic-stage vaccines. Both of these simian parasites can naturally infect man, resulting in mildly symptomatic episodes of the disease. The phylogenetic relationship between these two simian parasites and previously characterized Plasmodium species, including P. vivax, was examined by comparison of the asexually expressed small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Our analysis confirmed that P. vivax is most closely related to P. cynomolgi and that it remains an appropriate model of the human pathogen. Furthermore, with P. knowlesi and P. fragile, these two species form a group of closely related species, distant from other Plasmodium species. What is considered to be the most ancient of the human malaria pathogens, P. malariae, was also included in the analysis and does not group at all with other simian or human parasites.