| Literature DB >> 36238404 |
Dong Won Kim, Seong Kuk Yoon, Sang Hyeon Kim.
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a relatively common cancer type, with a high recurrence rate, that can be often encountered in the imaging study. Accurate diagnosis and staging have a significant impact on determining treatment and evaluating prognosis. Bladder cancer has been evaluated by transurethral resection of bladder tumor for clinical staging and treatment, but it is often understaged when compared with final pathologic result by radical cystectomy. If the location, size, presence of muscle invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and presence of upper urinary tract cancer can be accurately diagnosed and evaluated in an imaging study, it can be treated and managed more appropriately. For an accurate diagnosis, radiologists who evaluate the images must be aware of the characteristics of bladder cancer as well as its types, imaging techniques, and limitations of imaging studies. Recent developments in MRI with functional imaging have improved the quality of bladder imaging and the evaluation of cancer. In addition, the Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System was published to objectively assess the possibility for muscle invasion of cancer. Radiologists need to know the types of bladder cancer treatment and how to evaluate the changes after treatment. In this article, the characteristics of bladder urothelial carcinoma, various imaging studies, and findings are reviewed. CopyrightsEntities:
Year: 2021 PMID: 36238404 PMCID: PMC9432377 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0112
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi ISSN: 1738-2637
Fig. 1A 68-year-old male with non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
A gray-scale ultrasound image shows a polypoid mass (arrow) at the right anterolateral wall of the bladder.
Fig. 2A 72-year-old male with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
Gray-scale ultrasound image shows a sessile infiltrative mass (arrow) at the left posterolateral wall of the bladder.
Fig. 3A 67-year-old male with multiple urothelial carcinomas of the bladder.
A. Gray-scale ultrasound image shows three irregular polypoid masses (arrows) at the posterior wall of the bladder.
B. Color Doppler ultrasound image shows internal vascular signal within bladder masses.
Fig. 4Bladder hematoma in a 77-year-old female with gross hematuria.
A. Gray-scale ultrasound image shows an irregular mass-like lesion (arrow) at the right posterior wall of the bladder.
B. The mass-like lesion (arrow) changes its position to the lateral wall of the bladder with a change in the patient’s posture from supine to lateral decubitus position.
Protocols for CTU
| Technique | Scan Protocol |
|---|---|
| Three-phase, conventional CTU | 1. Non-enhanced phase |
| 2. Inject intravenous contrast agent as a single bolus | |
| 3. Nephrographic phase (90–100 sec after bolus) | |
| 4. Excretory phase (5–15 min after bolus) | |
| Two-phase, split bolus CTU | 1. Non-enhanced phase |
| 2. Inject first bolus (half dose) of intravenous contrast agent | |
| 3. Inject second bolus (half dose) of intravenous contrast agent (5–15-min after the first injection) | |
| 4. Combined nephrographic and excretory phase (90–100 sec after the second bolus) | |
| Three-phase + bladder surveillance | 1. Non-enhanced phase |
| 2. Inject intravenous contrast agent as a single bolus | |
| 3. Portal venous phase of the pelvis (60 sec after bolus) | |
| 4. Nephrographic phase of the kidney (90–100 sec after bolus) | |
| 5. Delayed excretory phase (approximately 30–40 min after bolus) |
CTU = CT urography
Fig. 5A 63-year-old male with non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
Axial contrast enhanced CT image shows a polypoid mass with good enhancement (arrow) at the right posterolateral wall of the bladder.
Fig. 6A 68-year-old male with non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
Axial delayed phase CT image shows a polypoid mass (arrow), shown as a filling defect of contrast.
Fig. 7A 72-year-old male with muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
Axial contrast enhanced CT image shows a sessile infiltrative mass (arrow) and perivesical nodular extension at the left posterolateral wall of the bladder.
Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System
| MRI Scoring Category | |
|---|---|
| Assessment for T2WI | |
| 1 | Uninterrupted low SI line representing the integrity of muscularis propria |
| Lesion < 1 cm | |
| Exophytic tumor with or without stalk and/or thickened inner layer | |
| 2 | Uninterrupted low SI line representing the integrity of muscularis propria |
| Lesion > 1 cm | |
| Exophytic tumor with stalk and/or high SI thickened inner layer, when present | |
| Sessile/broad-based tumor with high SI thickened inner layer, when present | |
| 3 | Lack of category 2 findings with no clear disruption of low SI line |
| Exophytic tumor without stalk | |
| Sessile/broad-based tumor without high SI thickened inner layer | |
| 4 | Interruption of low SI line suggesting an extension of the intermediate SI tumor tissue to muscularis propria |
| 5 | Extension of intermediate SI tumor to extravesical fat, representing the invasion of the entire bladder wall and extravesical tissues |
| Assessment for DCE | |
| 1 | No early enhancement of the muscularis propria |
| 2 | No early enhancement of muscularis propria with the early enhancement of inner layer |
| 3 | Lack of category 2 findings with no clear disruption of low SI muscularis propria |
| 4 | Tumor early enhancement extends focally to muscularis propria |
| 5 | Tumor early enhancement extends to the entire bladder wall and extravesical fat |
| Assessment for DWI/ADC | |
| 1 | Muscularis propria with intermediate continuous SI on DWI |
| Lesion < 1 cm, with or without stalk and/or low SI thickened inner layer on DWI | |
| 2 | Muscularis propria with continuous intermediate SI on DWI |
| Lesion > 1 cm, with low SI stalk and/or low SI thickened inner layer on DWI | |
| Broad-based/sessile tumor with low SI thickened inner layer on DWI | |
| 3 | Lack of category 2 findings but with no clear disruption of low SI muscularis propria |
| 4 | High SI tumor on DWI and low SI tumor on ADC extending focally to muscularis propria |
| 5 | High SI tumor on DWI and low SI tumor on ADC extending to the entire bladder wall and extravesical fat |
Adapted from Panebianco et al. Eur Urol 2018;74:294-306 (17).
ADC = apparent diffusion coefficient, DCE = dynamic contrast enhanced image, DWI = diffusion weighted image, SI = signal intensity, T2WI = T2 weighted image
Assessment of Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System Final Score
| T2 Weighted Image | DCE/DWI | Final Score |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 and 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 and 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 2 and 2 | 2 |
| 3 and/or 3 | 3 | |
| 4 and/or 4 | 4 | |
| 4 | 4 and/or 4 | 4 |
| 5 and/or 5 | 5 | |
| 5 | 4 and/or 4 | 4 |
| 5 and/or 5 | 5 |
Adapted from Panebianco et al. Eur Urol 2018;74:294-306 (17).
DCE = dynamic contrast enhanced image, DWI = diffusion weighted image
Fig. 8Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System 1 in a 64-year-old male with non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
A. Axial T2-weighted MR image shows an 8 mm sized mass with intermediate signal intensity (arrow) at the anterior wall of the bladder.
B. Dynamic contrast enhanced image shows early enhancement of the lesion (arrow), without early enhancement of the stalk (arrowhead) and muscularis propria.
C, D. Diffusion weighted image of a mass with b-value = 1000 (C) and apparent diffusion coefficient map (D) show a mass lesion with diffusion restriction. The stalk (arrowheads) and muscularis propria show low and intermediate signal intensity without diffusion restriction, respectively.
Fig. 9Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System 2 in a 75-year-old female with non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and cervical cancer.
A. Axial T2-weighted MR image shows a large mass (> 1 cm) with intermediate signal intensity with a large stalk (arrow) at the bladder base. The inner layer is thickened with high signal intensity (arrowhead).
B. Dynamic contrast enhanced image shows early enhancement of the mass and the inner layer (arrowhead), without early enhancement of the stalk center (arrow) and muscularis propria.
C, D. Diffusion weighted image with b-value = 1000 (C) and apparent diffusion coefficient map (D) shows a large mass with diffusion restriction. The stalk (arrows) and muscularis propria show low and intermediate signal intensity without diffusion restriction, respectively.
Fig. 10Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 in a 68-year-old female with non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
A. Axial T2-weighted MR image shows an irregular sessile broad-based mass (arrow) with no clear disruption of low signal intensity muscularis propria at the bladder neck.
B. Dynamic contrast enhanced image shows early enhancement of the lesion (arrow), without early enhancement of the muscularis propria.
C, D. Diffusion weighted image with b-value = 1000 (C) and apparent diffusion coefficient map (D) shows a mass (arrows) with diffusion restriction. The muscularis propria shows no clear disruption of intermediate signal intensity but is equivocal for muscle invasion.
Fig. 11Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System 4 in a 69-year-old male with muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
A. Axial T2-weighted MR image shows a mass with intermediate signal intensity with interruption of low signal intensity muscularis propria (arrow) at the left lateral wall of the bladder.
B. Dynamic contrast enhanced image shows early enhancement of a mass extending focally to muscularis propria (arrow).
C, D. Diffusion weighted image with b-value = 1000 (C) and apparent diffusion coefficient map (D) show restricted diffusion of a mass extending focally to muscularis propria (arrows).
Fig. 12Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System 5 in a 65-year-old male with muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
A. Axial T2-weighted MR image shows a mass with irregular infiltrative intermediate signal intensity with extension to the muscularis propria and perivesical fat (arrow) at the posterior wall of the bladder and bladder base.
B. Dynamic contrast enhanced image shows early enhancement of a large mass with irregular outer border (arrow).
C, D. Diffusion weighted image with b-value = 1000 (C) and apparent diffusion coefficient map (D) show restricted diffusion of a large mass extending to the entire bladder wall and perivesical fat (arrows).
Fig. 13A 67-year-old male after intravesical BCG therapy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
Axial contrast enhanced CT image shows diffuse thickening of the bladder wall with diffuse urothelial enhancement. The patient received intravesical BCG within five days.
BCG = Bacillus Calmette–Guérin
Fig. 14A 70-year-old male after intravesical chemotherapy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
Non-contrast CT image shows multiple nodular calcifications at the anterior and posterior walls of the bladder. The patient received intravesical chemotherapy within three weeks.
Fig. 15A 72-year-old male with prostate-specific antigen elevation.
The transrectal ultrasound image shows multiple hypoechoic masses (arrows) in the prostate gland. The patient received intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin before one year. Tuberculous prostatitis was proven after a transrectal prostate biopsy.
Fig. 16A 69-year-old male with muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
Axial contrast enhanced CT image shows a 6 mm sized external iliac lymph node with an ill-defined margin and irregular shape (arrow). The metastatic lymph node was confirmed after surgery.
Fig. 17A 72-year-old male with muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
A. Axial T2-weighted MR image shows a 9-mm obturator lymph node with a round shape (arrow). The metastatic lymph node was confirmed after surgery.
B, C. An enlarged lymph node shows restricted diffusion (arrows) on diffusion weighted image with b-value = 1000 (B) and apparent diffusion coefficient map (C).