| Literature DB >> 36156631 |
Junjun Feng1, Haiyun Jiang2, Jing Wang3, Zhengyi Jing1, Fan Zhang1, Tianyu Tan1, Feng He1, Lihua Jiang1, Haiqin Li1, Shimin Chang1, Tengfei Li1.
Abstract
Chromatography combined with mass spectrometry is the most commonly used detection technology, and it offers the advantages of high sensitivity and high selectivity. The quick, easy, inexpensive, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method is low-cost, effective, and time efficient. The application of the QuEChERS has now been extended to the analysis of contaminants in food samples. The aim of the study was to identify different concentration levels of multiple harmful drug residues in bean sprouts. In this study, QuEChERS coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was established for the simultaneous determination of 40 plant growth regulators, fungicides, insecticides, and antibiotics in bean sprouts. In the HPLC-MS/MS experiment, gibberellic acid, 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid, chloramphenicol, N6-(δ2-isopentenyl)-adenine, 6-benzylaminopurine, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were analyzed by MS/MS with negative electrospray ionization (ESI-). The other 33 target analytes (chlormequat, ronidazole, metronidazole, pymetrozine, dimetridazole, methomyl, carbendazim, enoxacin, levofloxacin, pefloxacin mesylate, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, thiabendazole, lomefloxacin, chlorpyrifos, sarafloxacin, imidacloprid, etc.) were analyzed by MS/MS with positive electrospray ionization (ESI+). Sensitive MS conditions were realized by optimizing the instrumental parameters such as the desolvent temperature, collision energy, spraying needle position, precursor ions, and product ions. Then, the optimal pretreatment method was determined by comparing the recovery rates of the 40 drugs obtained with different extraction solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, acetonitrile containing 0.1% ammonia, acetonitrile with 1% acetic acid), different extraction methods (ultrasonic extraction, shaking extraction), and purification with primary secondary amine (PSA) and C18. In this study, the bean sprouts samples were extracted twice by 10 mL acetonitrile with 1% acetic acid, and extracted under ultrasonic conditions. Then, the extracting solution was only cleaned with 100 mg C18. The chromatographic separation of the 40 compounds was accomplished on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) with gradient elution. Methanol and 0.01% formic acid aqueous solution were used as the mobile phases. The 40 compounds were analyzed in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The matrix matching external standard method was used for quantitative determination. The results showed that the 40 compounds could be analyzed within 15 min. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves showed good linearities for the 40 compounds, and the coefficients of determination (r2) were greater than 0.99 in the range of 2-200 μg/L. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.1-3 μg/kg and 0.3-9 μg/kg, respectively. Using negative bean sprouts as the substrates, the recovery tests were carried out at three spiked levels of 5, 10, and 50 μg/kg. The average recoveries of the 40 drugs were 78.5% to 115.3%, and the corresponding relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.3% to 9.7% (n=6). This method was successfully applied to the analysis of the 40 drug residues in 21 batches of local bean sprouts in Handan city. The results revealed the presence of extensive drug residues in the bean sprouts. The 26 batches were detected to varying degrees, among which 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, carbendazim, 6-benzyladenine, 2,4-D, enrofloxacin, and metronidazole were detected at high rates. The detection rates of 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, 6-benzyladenine, carbendazim, 2,4-D, gibberellic acid, and enrofloxacin were 28.6%, 19.0%, 9.5%, 9.5%, 4.8%, and 4.8%, respectively. The contents ranged from 37.5-352.4, 32.4-273.1, 28.8-38.7, 316.1-20.2, 19.9 and 13.6 μg/kg, respectively. Given its advantages of simplicity, rapidness, and high sensitivity, the developed method can be used for the rapid and accurate determination of trace levels of the 40 drug residues in large quantities of bean sprouts.Entities:
Keywords: QuEChERS; antibiotics; bean sprout; fungicides; high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS); insecticide; plant growth regulators
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2022 PMID: 36156631 PMCID: PMC9520376 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.12028
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Se Pu ISSN: 1000-8713
MRM模式下40种化合物的保留时间与质谱参数
| No. | Compound | Retention | Ionization | Precursor | Product | Collision |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | chlormequat (矮壮素) | 1.066 | ESI+ | 122.10 | 58.10*, 63.10 | -31, -24 |
| 2 | ronidazole (洛硝哒唑) | 3.903 | ESI+ | 201.00 | 139.70*, 54.60 | -10, -15 |
| 3 | metronidazole (甲硝唑) | 3.999 | ESI+ | 172.00 | 81.80*, 127.70 | -25, -15 |
| 4 | pymetrozine (吡蚜酮) | 4.192 | ESI+ | 408.10 | 105.05*, 68.10 | -39, -30 |
| 5 | dimetridazole (二甲硝咪唑) | 5.211 | ESI+ | 142.10 | 96.05*, 81.10 | -16, -27 |
| 6 | methomyl (灭多威) | 6.850 | ESI+ | 163.05 | 88.00*, 106.05 | -11, -13 |
| 7 | carbendazim (多菌灵) | 6.959 | ESI+ | 192.05 | 160.05*, 32.05 | -17, -30 |
| 8 | levofloxacin (氧氟沙星) | 7.261 | ESI+ | 362.10 | 318.20*, 61.10 | -20, -30 |
| 9 | enoxacin (依诺沙星) | 7.272 | ESI+ | 340.20 | 303.10*, 203.85 | -20, -48 |
| 10 | pefloxacin mesylate (培氟沙星) | 7.301 | ESI+ | 334.00 | 290.10*, 16.10 | -20, -20 |
| 11 | norfloxacin (诺氟沙星) | 7.384 | ESI+ | 320.00 | 302.00*, 76.00 | -20, -17 |
| 12 | ciprofloxacin (环丙沙星) | 7.537 | ESI+ | 332.20 | 314.05*, 31.00 | -24, -41 |
| 13 | enrofloxacin (恩诺沙星) | 7.672 | ESI+ | 360.20 | 316.10*, 42.15 | -22, -25 |
| 14 | thiabendazole (噻菌灵) | 7.749 | ESI+ | 202.00 | 175.05*, 31.10 | -24, -33 |
| 15 | lomefloxacin (洛美沙星) | 7.749 | ESI+ | 352.00 | 265.00*, 80.10 | -25, -20 |
| 16 | chlorpyrifos (毒死蜱) | 7.768 | ESI+ | 351.90 | 265.05*, 37.05 | -30, -39 |
| 17 | sarafloxacin (沙拉沙星) | 8.048 | ESI+ | 385.90 | 367.95*, 98.90 | -25, -20 |
| 18 | imidacloprid (吡虫啉) | 8.172 | ESI+ | 256.05 | 175.10*, 09.05 | -17, -14 |
| 19 | sparfloxacin (司帕沙星) | 8.480 | ESI+ | 393.00 | 349.00*, 92.00 | -40, -20 |
| 20 | acetamiprid (啶虫脒) | 8.682 | ESI+ | 223.10 | 126.05*, 56.05 | -22, -15 |
| 21 | gibberellic acid (赤霉素) | 8.744 | ESI- | 345.40 | 143.20*, 39.50 | 32, 16 |
| 22 | 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid (4-氟苯氧乙酸) | 8.941 | ESI- | 169.20 | 111.00*, 95.00 | 16, 18 |
| 23 | chloramphenicol (氯霉素) | 9.144 | ESI- | 340.00 | 152.10*, 57.10 | 17, 11 |
| 24 | 3-indolylacetic acid (吲哚乙酸) | 9.230 | ESI+ | 176.10 | 129.80*, 03.10 | -18, -16 |
| 25 | N6-(δ2-isopentenyl)-adenine (异戊烯腺嘌呤) | 9.434 | ESI- | 202.30 | 133.00*, 34.15 | 22, 17 |
| 26 | 6-benzylaminopurine (6-苄基腺嘌呤) | 9.487 | ESI- | 224.00 | 133.00*, 06.00 | 40, 34 |
| 27 | 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-氯苯氧乙酸) | 10.040 | ESI- | 185.00 | 127.10*, 29.00 | 15, 14 |
| 28 | thidiazuron (噻苯隆) | 10.056 | ESI+ | 240.20 | 102.00*, 28.00 | -16, -17 |
| 29 | 3-indolebutyric acid (吲哚丁酸) | 10.229 | ESI+ | 204.20 | 186.20*, 29.90 | -10, -28 |
| 30 | atrazine (莠去津) | 10.556 | ESI+ | 406.10 | 174.05*, 96.05 | -17, -25 |
| 31 | forchlorfenuron (氯吡脲) | 10.595 | ESI+ | 248.05 | 129.05*, 93.05 | -17, -34 |
| 32 | metalaxyl-M (精甲霜灵) | 10.614 | ESI+ | 280.10 | 220.15*, 48.10 | -13, -10 |
| 33 | metalaxyl (甲霜灵) | 10.619 | ESI+ | 280.10 | 220.15*, 92.15 | -13, -18 |
| 34 | 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-滴) | 10.669 | ESI- | 409.00 | 160.85*, 25.00 | 14, 29 |
| 35 | azoxystrobin (嘧菌酯) | 10.826 | ESI+ | 404.10 | 372.05*, 29.00 | -14, -31 |
| 36 | paclobutrazol (多效唑) | 11.064 | ESI+ | 294.10 | 70.05*, 125.05 | -40, -40 |
| 37 | triazophos (三唑磷) | 11.152 | ESI+ | 314.05 | 162.15*, 19.15 | -19, -35 |
| 38 | isazophos (氯唑磷) | 11.161 | ESI+ | 314.10 | 162.10*, 20.10 | -16, -27 |
| 39 | flusilazole (氟硅唑) | 11.394 | ESI+ | 316.10 | 247.10*, 65.10 | -18, -29 |
| 40 | pyraclostrobin (吡唑醚菌酯) | 11.635 | ESI+ | 388.10 | 194.05*, 63.05 | -30, -32 |
* Quantitative ion.
图 140种化合物标准溶液的总离子流图
图 2不同用量的C18对目标化合物回收率的影响
40种化合物的线性方程、线性范围、相关系数、检出限和定量限
| Compound | Linear equation | Linear range/(μg/L) | r2 | LOD/(μg/kg) | LOQ/(μg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlormequat | y=1.27×103x-5.36×102 | 2-200 | 0.9966 | 1.5 | 4.5 |
| Ronidazole | y=1.82×104x-9.28×103 | 2-200 | 0.9987 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Metronidazole | y=1.28×104x+4.55×103 | 2-200 | 0.9998 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| Pymetrozine | y=2.98×104x-1.13×105 | 2-200 | 0.9929 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| Dimetridazole | y=3.14×104x-1.22×104 | 2-200 | 0.9997 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Methomyl | y=1.43×104x-3.36×104 | 2-200 | 0.9914 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Carbendazim | y=5.18×104x+3.92×104 | 2-200 | 0.9998 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Enoxacin | y=2.01×104x-1.33×104 | 2-200 | 0.9919 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
| Levofloxacin | y=2.07×104x-6.38×104 | 2-200 | 0.9939 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
| pefloxacin mesylate | y=1.07×104x-2.77×104 | 2-200 | 0.9959 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
| Norfloxacin | y=2.86×104x-1.09×104 | 2-200 | 0.9977 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| Ciprofloxacin | y=1.01×104x+1.21×104 | 2-200 | 0.9939 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
| Enrofloxacin | y=1.45×104x-6.98×104 | 2-200 | 0.9932 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
| Thiabendazole | y=1.26×104x-1.20×104 | 2-200 | 0.9976 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| Lomefloxacin | y=3.72×104x-1.31×103 | 2-200 | 0.9917 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| Chlorpyrifos | y=2.17×104x-4.32×104 | 2-200 | 0.9903 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| Sarafloxacin | y=2.25×104x-7.64×104 | 2-200 | 0.9953 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| Imidacloprid | y=3.84×103x-1.55×104 | 2-200 | 0.9908 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
| Sparfloxacin | y=9.99×103x-4.35×104 | 2-200 | 0.9906 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| Acetamiprid | y=1.18×104x-1.79×104 | 2-200 | 0.9948 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| Gibberellic acid | y=5.95×104x-2.08×103 | 2-200 | 0.9914 | 3.0 | 9.0 |
| 4-Fluorophenoxyacetic acid | y=6.08×103x-3.00×103 | 2-200 | 0.9989 | 1.5 | 4.5 |
| Chloramphenicol | y=8.61×102x+1.86×103 | 2-200 | 0.9970 | 3.0 | 9.0 |
| 3-Indolylacetic acid | y=7.02×103x+1.76×103 | 2-200 | 0.9961 | 2.0 | 6.0 |
| N6-(δ2-Isopentenyl)-adenine | y=3.27×102x-3.65×102 | 2-200 | 0.9967 | 3.0 | 9.0 |
| 6-Benzylaminopurine | y=3.97×102x-2.74×103 | 2-200 | 0.9945 | 3.0 | 9.0 |
| 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid | y=2.78×103x-2.33×103 | 2-200 | 0.9995 | 3.0 | 9.0 |
| Thidiazuron | y=5.69×104x-2.10×104 | 2-200 | 0.9996 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| 3-Indolebutyric acid | y=4.55×103x-4.29×103 | 2-200 | 0.9967 | 2.0 | 6.0 |
| Atrazine | y=2.23×104x-7.41×104 | 2-200 | 0.9956 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Compound | Linear equation | Linear range/(μg/L) | r2 | LOD/(μg/kg) | LOQ/(μg/kg) |
| Forchlorfenuron | y=1.83×105x-3.65×105 | 2-200 | 0.9977 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Metalaxyl-M | y=4.74×104x+1.29×105 | 2-200 | 0.9981 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Metalaxyl | y=2.84×104x+9.92×104 | 2-200 | 0.9966 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid | y=8.84×103x-3.59×103 | 2-200 | 0.9995 | 2.0 | 6.0 |
| Azoxystrobin | y=5.32×104x+1.19×104 | 2-200 | 0.9992 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Paclobutrazol | y=2.02×105x-3.79×102 | 2-200 | 0.9986 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Triazophos | y=6.95×104x+1.02×105 | 2-200 | 0.9983 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Isazophos | y=6.66×104x+1.08×105 | 2-200 | 0.9966 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Flusilazole | y=3.28×104x-2.57×104 | 2-200 | 0.9994 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
| Pyraclostrobin | y=8.67×104x+5.62×105 | 2-200 | 0.9979 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
y: peak area; x: mass concentration, μg/L.
40种化合物的回收率和精密度(n=6)
| Compound | 5 μg/kg | 10 μg/kg | 50 μg/kg | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recovery/% | RSD/% | Recovery/% | RSD/% | Recovery/% | RSD/% | |||
| Chlormequat | 83.4 | 6.9 | 86.1 | 5.2 | 93.6 | 2.8 | ||
| Ronidazole | 111.2 | 4.3 | 93.2 | 2.4 | 96.2 | 3.7 | ||
| Metronidazole | 88.2 | 5.3 | 85.7 | 6.5 | 91.0 | 5.7 | ||
| Pymetrozine | 102.4 | 6.9 | 82.1 | 5.1 | 84.5 | 6.5 | ||
| Dimetridazole | 108.4 | 2.1 | 89.6 | 3.9 | 92.6 | 2.2 | ||
| Methomyl | 82.7 | 8.7 | 89.4 | 4.9 | 85.4 | 5.1 | ||
| Carbendazim | 84.3 | 7.5 | 97.6 | 4.7 | 94.1 | 8.0 | ||
| Enoxacin | 82.6 | 1.8 | 95.6 | 3.0 | 101.7 | 4.5 | ||
| Levofloxacin | 102.1 | 7.6 | 106.5 | 7.1 | 93.0 | 5.4 | ||
| pefloxacin mesylate | 90.3 | 7.1 | 101.5 | 5.9 | 92.8 | 4.1 | ||
| Norfloxacin | 84.2 | 5.9 | 86.7 | 4.6 | 88.6 | 4.7 | ||
| Ciprofloxacin | 99.5 | 8.3 | 102.2 | 7.2 | 96.4 | 4.3 | ||
| Enrofloxacin | 104.7 | 5.3 | 100.9 | 4.2 | 101.6 | 3.8 | ||
| Thiabendazole | 85.4 | 9.0 | 82.9 | 6.3 | 82.6 | 4.4 | ||
| Lomefloxacin | 97.9 | 6.2 | 105.5 | 6.1 | 99.2 | 2.9 | ||
| Chlorpyrifos | 112.6 | 9.7 | 113.1 | 6.3 | 107.4 | 4.1 | ||
| Sarafloxacin | 108.4 | 4.4 | 105.2 | 3.9 | 102.6 | 3.7 | ||
| Imidacloprid | 80.0 | 7.6 | 84.4 | 6.2 | 85.1 | 5.9 | ||
| Sparfloxacin | 106.6 | 5.3 | 98.4 | 3.6 | 102.5 | 5.4 | ||
| Acetamiprid | 105.3 | 3.8 | 111.6 | 3.2 | 115.3 | 4.2 | ||
| Gibberellic acid | 77.4 | 8.2 | 81.6 | 1.7 | 82.1 | 5.7 | ||
| 4-Fluorophenoxyacetic acid | 98.6 | 7.2 | 93.6 | 4.8 | 91.9 | 3.3 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 78.8 | 4.0 | 85.8 | 5.1 | 85.4 | 5.9 | ||
| 3-Indolylacetic acid | 89.9 | 3.1 | 86.5 | 3.4 | 97.7 | 6.3 | ||
| N6-(δ2-Isopentenyl)-adenine | 92.3 | 1.6 | 87.2 | 6.2 | 96.8 | 4.0 | ||
| 6-Benzylaminopurine | 102.4 | 6.4 | 94.3 | 5.9 | 95.6 | 5.2 | ||
| 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid | 111.3 | 8.9 | 108.4 | 5.3 | 106.8 | 5.7 | ||
| Thidiazuron | 94.7 | 1.9 | 95.5 | 4.6 | 92.7 | 2.4 | ||
| 3-Indolebutyric acid | 78.5 | 6.2 | 90.3 | 3.6 | 86.4 | 3.5 | ||
| Atrazine | 94.6 | 3.8 | 89.0 | 6.4 | 86.9 | 4.6 | ||
| Compound | 5 μg/kg | 10 μg/kg | 50 μg/kg | |||||
| Recovery/% | RSD/% | Recovery/% | RSD/% | Recovery/% | RSD/% | |||
| Forchlorfenuron | 103.4 | 5.3 | 108.2 | 4.2 | 105.7 | 2.7 | ||
| Metalaxyl-M | 112.4 | 4.7 | 98.8 | 2.7 | 106.4 | 4.6 | ||
| Metalaxyl | 97.4 | 3.0 | 108.5 | 1.7 | 102.1 | 3.2 | ||
| 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid | 85.5 | 8.3 | 83.2 | 8.0 | 87.5 | 6.6 | ||
| Azoxystrobin | 91.6 | 3.4 | 87.3 | 5.7 | 84.2 | 5.9 | ||
| Paclobutrazol | 112.6 | 2.2 | 103.5 | 6.1 | 107.6 | 3.6 | ||
| Triazophos | 82.1 | 9.1 | 84.3 | 7.4 | 88.6 | 5.5 | ||
| Isazophos | 91.6 | 5.5 | 83.6 | 3.8 | 84.3 | 1.9 | ||
| Flusilazole | 82.1 | 2.1 | 88.3 | 4.4 | 85.7 | 1.3 | ||
| Pyraclostrobin | 116.4 | 5.9 | 107.2 | 4.6 | 108.7 | 4.8 | ||
实际样品检测结果
| Compound | Contents/(μg/kg) | |
|---|---|---|
| This method | Standard method | |
| 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid | 37.5-52.4 | 34.2-343.5 |
| 6-Benzylaminopurine | 32.4-273.1 | 29.3-279.4 |
| Carbendazim | 28.8-38.7 | - |
| 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid | 16.1-20.2 | 14.1-18.3 |
| Gibberellic acid | 19.9 | 22.1 |
| Enrofloxacin | 13.6 | 15.3 |
-: no standard method.
本方法与文献方法的比较
| Compound | LODs/(μg/kg) | |
|---|---|---|
| Reference | This work | |
| Chlormequat | 5[ | 0.2 |
| Carbendazim | 45[ | 0.2 |
| Ronidazole | 0.4[ | 0.1 |
| Dimethylnidazole | 0.5[ | 0.2 |
| Carbendazim | 3.7[ | 0.2 |
| Enoxacin | 2[ | 1.0 |
| Levofloxacin | 2[ | 1.0 |
| pefloxacin mesylate | 2[ | 1.0 |
| Norfloxacin | 64[ | 0.5 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 2[ | 1.0 |
| Enrofloxacin | 2[ | 1.0 |
| Thiabendazole | 2.1[ | 0.5 |
| Lomefloxacin | 2[ | 0.5 |
| Sarafloxacin | 2[ | 0.5 |
| Sparfloxacin | 2[ | 0.5 |
| Gibberellic acid | 6.0[ | 3.0 |
| 4-Fluorophenoxyacetic acid | 10[ | 1.5 |
| Chloramphenicol | 10[ | 2.0 |
| 3-Indolylacetic acid | 72[ | 3.0 |
| N6-(δ2-Isopentenyl)-adenine | 10[ | 3.0 |
| 6-Benzylaminopurine | 3.8[ | 3.0 |
| 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid | 5[ | 3.0 |
| Thidiazuron | 10[ | 0.2 |
| 3-Indolebutyric acid | 10[ | 2.0 |
| Atrazine | 1[ | 0.2 |
| Forchlorfenuron | 0.26[ | 0.1 |
| 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid | 1[ | 2.0 |
| Paclobutrazol | 0.6[ | 0.1 |