| Literature DB >> 34212588 |
Yu Hu1,2, Qingqing Zhu1,2, Ligang Hu1,3, Chunyang Liao1,3.
Abstract
The complexity of the soil matrix, as well as the wide spectrum and trace levels of antibiotic residues in soil, make highly sensitive instrumental methods, efficient purification and enrichment methods, and simultaneous determination of multiple antibiotics key and challenging aspects in the analysis of antibiotics in soil. In this study, a solid phase extraction-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 30 antibiotics (grouped into seven categories: sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, β-lactams, amphenicols, and lincosamides) in soil samples. In the UHPLC-MS/MS experiment, florfenicol and chloramphenicol were analyzed in the negative ionization multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and the other 28 target analytes were analyzed in the positive MRM mode. Sensitive MS conditions were realized by optimizing the instrumental parameters such as collision energy and declustering potential. The effects of the injection solvent (proportion of methanol to water) and mobile phase (types and compositions of the solvents) on the shape and intensity of the chromatographic peaks were studied. The optimized UHPLC conditions were as follows: injection solvent, 10%(v/v) methanol aqueous solution; chromatographic column, BEH-C18 column; mobile phase, methanol and water both containing 0.1%(v/v) formic acid; flow rate, 0.4 mL/min; sample injection volume, 5.0 μL. The effects of the extraction solution (the types and compositions of solvents) and clean-up processes (pH of the loading solution, as well as the types and compositions of the rinse solution and elution solvent) on the method performance were investigated. The acetonitrile/Na2EDTA-McIlvaine buffer showed better extraction efficiency for fluoroquinolones than did the methanol/Na2EDTA-McIlvaine buffer. Improved recoveries of sulfonamides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and β-lactams were observed when the pH of the loading solution was set to 8.0. The recoveries of sulfadiazine and amoxicillin increased with a decrease in the proportion of methanol to water for the rinse solution. Compared to individual methanol or acetonitrile, the methanol-acetonitrile (1∶1, v/v) mixture showed better elution efficiency for the target analytes. The optimized pretreatment conditions were determined as follows: the soil sample was spiked with mixed internal standards, and then extracted with 10 mL of acetonitrile/Na2EDTA-McIlvaine buffer (1∶1, v/v) by shaking for 30 min and ultrasonication for 15 min. The extraction was repeated three times. The sample extract was adjusted to pH 8.0 and loaded onto an Oasis HLB cartridge for purification. The cartridge was rinsed with 10 mL of water to remove impurities and eluted with 10 mL of methanol-acetonitrile (1∶1, v/v). Quantitative analysis was conducted using the isotope internal standard method. The method limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.013-1.21 and 0.043-4.04 μg/kg, respectively. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curve were 0.992-1.00, suggesting good linearity of the method. At three spiked levels (20, 100, and 200 μg/kg), the average recoveries of most target antibiotics were 44.8% to 164%, and the relative standard deviations were 0.700% to 14.8%. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of the 30 antibiotics in six soil samples. Seventeen antibiotics were detected in the soil samples, and the total contents of the antibiotics in each sample ranged from 73.4 to 184 μg/kg. Twelve antibiotics with a detection frequency of 100% included roxithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin, fleroxacin, lomefloxacin, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, tetracycline, and penicillin G. Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin were the predominant antibiotics in the soils, with contents in the range of 13.7-32.1 and 15.6-43.6 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method is simple, rapid, and solvent-saving, and it shows promise for use in the simultaneous determination of trace levels of the 30 antibiotics in soil.Entities:
Keywords: antibiotics; soil; solid phase extraction (SPE); ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2021 PMID: 34212588 PMCID: PMC9404026 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.02019
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Se Pu ISSN: 1000-8713
30种抗生素的质谱分析参数
| Compound | Ion | Precursor | Product | CE/ | DP/ | Compound | Ion | Precursor | Product | CE/ | DP/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfamonomethoxine | ESI+ | 281.2 | 156.2* | 25 | 90 | Lomefloxacin | ESI+ | 352.1 | 308.4* | 25 | 20 |
| (SMM) | 92.2 | 40 | 90 | (LOM) | 265.3 | 30 | 20 | ||||
| Sulfamethoxazole | ESI+ | 254.2 | 156.2* | 23 | 20 | Fleroxacin | ESI+ | 370.2 | 326.3* | 25 | 80 |
| (SMX) | 92.2 | 35 | 20 | (FLE) | 269.1 | 35 | 80 | ||||
| Sulfaquinoxaline | ESI+ | 301.2 | 156.1* | 24 | 100 | Roxithromycin | ESI+ | 837.7 | 679.5* | 30 | 20 |
| (SQX) | 92.2 | 38 | 100 | (RTM) | 158.3 | 42 | 20 | ||||
| Sulfameter | ESI+ | 281.3 | 156.2* | 25 | 40 | Clarithromycin | ESI+ | 748.7 | 590.4* | 25 | 60 |
| (SFM) | 92.2 | 40 | 40 | (CTM) | 158.3 | 35 | 60 | ||||
| Trimethoprim | ESI+ | 291.3 | 230.3* | 32 | 10 | Erythromycin-H2O | ESI+ | 716.6 | 558.5* | 35 | 40 |
| (TMP) | 123.3 | 30 | 10 | (ETM-H2O) | 158.3 | 33 | 40 | ||||
| Sulfamethazine | ESI+ | 279.2 | 186.3* | 24 | 80 | Tylosin | ESI+ | 916.7 | 772.6* | 40 | 20 |
| (SMZ) | 156.2 | 26 | 80 | (TYL) | 174.3 | 45 | 20 | ||||
| Sulfadiazine | ESI+ | 251.2 | 156.2* | 20 | 20 | Oxytetracycline | ESI+ | 461.3 | 443.2 | 22 | 60 |
| (SDZ) | 92.2 | 30 | 20 | (OTC) | 426.3* | 27 | 60 | ||||
| Sulfamethizole | ESI+ | 279.2 | 156.3* | 20 | 17 | Chlortetracycline | ESI+ | 479.3 | 462.3 | 25 | 40 |
| (SMTZ) | 92.3 | 35 | 17 | (CTC) | 444.2* | 30 | 40 | ||||
| Sulfachlorpyridazine | ESI+ | 285.2 | 156.2* | 20 | 20 | Doxycycline | ESI+ | 445.3 | 428.3 | 25 | 40 |
| (SCP) | 108.2 | 30 | 20 | (DC) | 410.3* | 27 | 40 | ||||
| Ciprofloxacin | ESI+ | 332.3 | 314.4* | 30 | 60 | Tetracycline | ESI+ | 445.3 | 427.2 | 20 | 40 |
| (CIP) | 288.4 | 25 | 60 | (TC) | 410.2* | 30 | 35 | ||||
| Norfloxacin | ESI+ | 320.3 | 302.4* | 30 | 60 | Amoxicillin | ESI+ | 366.2 | 349.3* | 12 | 35 |
| (NOR) | 276.3 | 25 | 60 | (AMX) | 114.3 | 30 | 20 | ||||
| Ofloxacin | ESI+ | 362.3 | 318.4 | 37 | 10 | Penicillin-G | ESI+ | 335.2 | 217.3* | 20 | 190 |
| (OFL) | 261.3* | 27 | 10 | (PCN-G) | 202.2 | 47 | 130 | ||||
| Enrofloxacin | ESI+ | 360.4 | 316.4* | 25 | 20 | Lincomycin | ESI+ | 407.2 | 359.4* | 27 | 20 |
| (ENR) | 245.3 | 35 | 20 | (LCM) | 126.3 | 35 | 20 | ||||
| Difloxacin | ESI+ | 400.3 | 382.4* | 30 | 40 | Florfenicol | ESI- | 355.6 | 185.1* | -25 | -80 |
| (DIF) | 356.4 | 27 | 40 | (FF) | 119.1 | -45 | -80 | ||||
| Pefloxacin | ESI+ | 334.3 | 316.3* | 30 | 40 | Chloramphenicol | ESI- | 321.3 | 257.0* | -15 | -80 |
| (PEF) | 290.3 | 25 | 40 | (CAP) | 152.2 | -22 | -80 |
* Quantitative ion; CE: collision energy; DP: declustering potential.
图130种抗生素(100 μg/L)的提取离子流色谱图
图2萃取液的pH值对磺胺类、大环内酯类、四环素类及β-内酰胺类抗生素回收率的影响(n=3)
30种抗生素的方法检出限、定量限、线性范围及在3个浓度水平下的日内和日间精密度
| Compound | LOD/ | LOQ/ | Linear range/ |
| RSDs (intra-day)/% | RSDs (inter-day)/% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 μg/L | 20 μg/L | 100 μg/L | 2 μg/L | 20 μg/L | 100 μg/L | ||||||
| SMM | 0.116 | 0.388 | 0.01-100 | 0.997 | 9.63 | 2.08 | 0.619 | 6.33 | 5.87 | 2.08 | |
| SMX | 0.0459 | 0.153 | 0.01-200 | 0.999 | 8.81 | 3.23 | 1.36 | 3.26 | 3.52 | 2.16 | |
| SQX | 0.0278 | 0.0926 | 0.01-100 | 0.999 | 11.3 | 2.61 | 1.38 | 4.52 | 3.43 | 1.53 | |
| SFM | 0.107 | 0.356 | 0.01-200 | 0.999 | 1.24 | 1.42 | 2.59 | 5.86 | 4.70 | 4.49 | |
| TMP | 0.0388 | 0.129 | 0.01-100 | 0.999 | 8.68 | 6.95 | 1.09 | 3.95 | 2.65 | 2.21 | |
| SMZ | 0.0284 | 0.0946 | 0.01-200 | 0.999 | 1.07 | 1.88 | 0.613 | 4.38 | 1.04 | 4.06 | |
| SDZ | 0.0130 | 0.0433 | 0.01-200 | 0.999 | 5.69 | 0.730 | 2.56 | 2.63 | 0.507 | 2.97 | |
| SMTZ | 0.0325 | 0.108 | 0.02-100 | 1.000 | 5.48 | 0.274 | 3.22 | 8.68 | 6.11 | 12.2 | |
| SCP | 0.0612 | 0.204 | 0.01-100 | 0.996 | 11.8 | 3.11 | 2.40 | 6.08 | 6.00 | 3.04 | |
| RTM | 0.0673 | 0.224 | 0.01-100 | 0.999 | 1.41 | 6.96 | 3.83 | 3.86 | 10.1 | 1.19 | |
| CTM | 0.0492 | 0.164 | 0.01-100 | 0.999 | 4.76 | 2.84 | 3.25 | 13.1 | 10.7 | 1.74 | |
| ETM-H2O | 0.0313 | 0.104 | 0.02-100 | 0.999 | 5.98 | 2.42 | 4.44 | 13.1 | 4.53 | 4.97 | |
| TYL | 0.104 | 0.347 | 0.5-200 | 1.000 | 3.36 | 3.58 | 0.515 | 14.0 | 13.8 | 14.2 | |
| CIP | 0.623 | 2.08 | 2-200 | 0.998 | 10.1 | 3.13 | 13.7 | 7.17 | 13.9 | 6.54 | |
| NOR | 0.619 | 2.06 | 2-200 | 0.997 | 1.36 | 4.43 | 12.1 | 2.86 | 9.70 | 12.9 | |
| OFL | 0.112 | 0.373 | 1-200 | 0.992 | 9.05 | 3.38 | 6.28 | 9.97 | 12.8 | 5.54 | |
| ENR | 0.104 | 0.348 | 1-200 | 0.999 | 11.6 | 3.04 | 8.07 | 12.0 | 8.67 | 1.15 | |
| DIF | 0.147 | 0.492 | 0.02-200 | 0.998 | 10.5 | 3.11 | 4.19 | 9.96 | 3.37 | 3.62 | |
| PEF | 0.197 | 0.658 | 0.2-200 | 0.998 | 6.00 | 2.22 | 12.4 | 10.0 | 3.70 | 4.64 | |
| FLE | 0.0513 | 0.171 | 0.1-100 | 0.999 | 9.41 | 5.31 | 1.36 | 3.55 | 14.0 | 7.65 | |
| LOM | 0.129 | 0.429 | 0.2-100 | 0.998 | 11.9 | 4.38 | 3.58 | 11.4 | 5.12 | 13.9 | |
| OTC | 0.122 | 0.407 | 0.5-200 | 0.995 | 4.89 | 4.03 | 8.99 | 8.81 | 3.79 | 8.31 | |
| CTC | 1.21 | 4.04 | 0.02-200 | 0.998 | 11.5 | 5.23 | 2.51 | 13.7 | 7.91 | 6.42 | |
| DC | 0.168 | 0.560 | 0.1-200 | 0.997 | 14.1 | 1.82 | 5.05 | 13.3 | 1.60 | 14.5 | |
| TC | 0.209 | 0.698 | 0.02-200 | 0.997 | 11.3 | 4.66 | 3.81 | 7.28 | 2.85 | 14.3 | |
| AMX | 0.119 | 0.395 | 0.5-200 | 0.999 | 0.964 | 1.55 | 8.62 | 2.96 | 14.4 | 13.5 | |
| PCN-G | 0.134 | 0.446 | 0.2-200 | 1.000 | 10.4 | 1.54 | 4.59 | 14.3 | 11.0 | 11.7 | |
| LCM | 0.0251 | 0.0836 | 0.02-200 | 0.998 | 11.4 | 4.74 | 0.476 | 11.4 | 8.93 | 6.44 | |
| CAP | 1.06 | 3.55 | 0.01-200 | 0.998 | 2.67 | 2.84 | 0.238 | 10.8 | 12.5 | 8.81 | |
| FF | 0.166 | 0.553 | 0.01-200 | 0.998 | 2.42 | 1.39 | 4.90 | 13.1 | 9.88 | 7.60 | |
30种抗生素在土壤样品中的加标回收率和基质效应
| Compound | Recoveries (RSDs)/% ( | Matrix | Compound | Recoveries (RSDs)/% ( | Matrix | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 μg/kg | 100 μg/kg | 200 μg/kg | 20 μg/kg | 100 μg/kg | 200 μg/kg | ||||
| SMM | 79.0 (3.02) | 53.0 (12.0) | 51.4 (5.69) | 48.0-56.2 | OFL | 126.0 (2.67) | 87.1 (14.8) | 75.2 (10.2) | 73.9-110 |
| SMX | 94.4 (3.71) | 72.3 (12.6) | 82.1 (11.3) | 51.5-65.3 | ENR | 78.0 (14.4) | 77.0 (12.9) | 70.7 (6.53) | 68.4-110 |
| SQX | 45.2 (4.39) | 31.5 (13.7) | 27.1 (7.26) | 27.7-34.2 | DIF | 109.0 (2.57) | 78.8 (12.0) | 63.3 (5.48) | 61.4-73.7 |
| SFM | 111.0 (8.60) | 76.3 (8.21) | 70.9 (10.1) | 67.8-78.1 | PEF | 128.0 (5.61) | 125.0 (12.5) | 88.0 (11.3) | 94.6-138 |
| TMP | 123.0 (2.77) | 84.4 (13.1) | 70.6 (10.0) | 68.0-78.0 | FLE | 90.2 (6.56) | 51.9 (14.5) | 44.8 (10.0) | 45.5-71.7 |
| SMZ | 101.0 (5.05) | 66.4 (8.97) | 68.5 (7.88) | 62.5-75.6 | LOM | 71.4 (13.5) | 69.5 (10.3) | 55.8 (12.7) | 64.6-78.0 |
| SDZ | 94.2 (14.4) | 87.6 (14.8) | 75.5 (9.10) | 71.5-86.7 | OTC | 164.0 (6.40) | 121.0 (11.0) | 87.8 (4.86) | 73.3-116 |
| SMTZ | 101.0 (6.75) | 57.4 (11.3) | 53.7 (11.7) | 63.1-72.9 | CTC | 136.0 (15.2) | 122.0 (17.3) | 143.0 (7.58) | 48.3-67.3 |
| SCP | 90.5 (2.51) | 57.9 (10.1) | 55.3 (8.06) | 56.7-65.5 | DC | 138.0 (6.29) | 74.5 (7.50) | 70.7 (5.52) | 69.6-115 |
| RTM | 89.5 (9.01) | 73.7 (8.46) | 60.9 (3.43) | 68.3-133 | TC | 146.0 (11.5) | 79.2 (12.8) | 69.5 (8.45) | 73.8-119 |
| CTM | 54.5 (10.1) | 53.1 (10.3) | 45.3 (3.64) | 56.8-81.1 | AMX | 29.6 (6.11) | 45.1 (5.39) | 43.0 (9.40) | 66.5-91.0 |
| ETM-H2O | 57.8 (12.8) | 57.6 (13.4) | 48.9 (0.700) | 53.7-70.9 | PCN-G | 78.5 (3.31) | 29.1 (2.76) | 30.6 (8.90) | 38.3-40.0 |
| TYL | 67.3 (8.16) | 75.5 (11.0) | 70.8 (3.99) | 91.5-115 | LCM | 70.9 (7.37) | 74.9 (4.17) | 55.3 (5.69) | 74.5-88.4 |
| CIP | 45.8 (11.9) | 82.9 (10.9) | 69.0 (6.11) | 91.4-134 | FF | 96.5 (5.94) | 59.9 (11.7) | 46.9 (8.50) | 44.4-52.4 |
| NOR | 64.2 (5.17) | 107.0 (11.9) | 89.1 (7.73) | 137.0-172 | CAP | 146.0 (8.11) | 95.3 (13.5) | 80.9 (5.79) | 69.4-81.6 |
本文方法与其他文献方法的比较
| Matrix | Category | Recoveries/% | LOQs/ | Extraction solvent | Purification and | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soil | SAs, FQs, TCs, MLs, | 30 | 27.1-164 | 0.0430-4.04 | ACN/Na2EDTA-McIlvaine | HLB-UHPLC-MS/MS | this |
| Soil | MLs, FQs, LAs | 9 | 65.2-106 | 0.800-9.67 | ACN/Na2EDTA-H3PO4
| SAX-HLB-UHPLC-MS/MS | [10] |
| Soil | SAs, BLs, APHs | 13 | 78.5-107 | 1.33-3.33 | ACN/Na2EDTA-McIlvaine | HLB-HPCE | [11] |
| Soil | SAs, MLs | 20 | 61.4-119 | 2.00-5.00 | QuEChERS | HPLC-MS/MS | [12] |
| Soil | SAs, TCs | 6 | 40-114 | 0.600-2.30 | Na2EDTA-McIlvaine | SPE-HPLC-MS/MS | [21] |
| Soil | SAs, FQs, MLs | 22 | 53.3-112 | 0.00670-0.017 | ACN/Na2EDTA-McIlvaine | HLB-HPLC-MS/MS | [22] |
| Manure | BLs | 5 | 15.0-87.14) | 1.13-6.205) | SPE-HPLC-MS/MS | [19] | |
| Manure | SAs, FQs, TCs, MLs, | 25 | 61.4-106 (SQX: | 0.05-5.91 | QuEChERS | HPLC-MS/MS | [20] |
| Waste-water | SAs, FQs, MLs, BLs, | 11 | 20-180 | 0.01-0.026) | HLB-HPLC-MS/MS | [6] |
1) LAs: lincosamides; 2) PMs: pleuromutilins; 3) N: number of target analytes; 4) recoveries of five β-lactams (amoxicillin and ampicillin: ~15%); 5) LOQs of three β-lactams except for amoxicillin and ampicillin; 6) μg/L.
6个实际土壤样品中30种抗生素的含量统计
| Compound | GM/ | Min/ | Max/ | DF/% | Compound | GM/ | Min/ | Max/ | DF/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMM | 0.274 | nd | nd | 0 | OFL | 8.07 | 5.83 | 16.1 | 100 |
| SMX | 0.108 | nd | nd | 0 | ENR | 6.41 | 4.37 | 11.1 | 100 |
| SQX | 0.0812 | nd | 0.238 | 16.7 | DIF | 2.02 | nd | 7.75 | 83.3 |
| SFM | 0.252 | nd | nd | 0 | PEF | 0.995 | nd | 8.51 | 33.3 |
| TMP | 0.125 | nd | 0.235 | 50.0 | FLE | 0.952 | 0.503 | 3.49 | 100 |
| SMZ | 0.0669 | nd | nd | 0 | LOM | 3.96 | 2.27 | 9.80 | 100 |
| SDZ | 0.0306 | nd | nd | 0 | OTC | 6.23 | 3.14 | 14.0 | 100 |
| SMTZ | 0.0767 | nd | nd | 0 | CTC | 2.86 | nd | nd | 0 |
| SCP | 0.144 | nd | nd | 0 | DC | 6.14 | 3.63 | 14.3 | 100 |
| RTM | 1.00 | 0.824 | 1.41 | 100 | TC | 5.79 | 3.45 | 14.4 | 100 |
| CTM | 0.326 | 0.255 | 0.496 | 100 | AMX | 0.279 | nd | nd | 0 |
| ETM-H2O | 0.0738 | nd | nd | 0 | PCN-G | 4.57 | 2.74 | 11.1 | 100 |
| TYL | 0.658 | nd | 1.23 | 83.3 | LCM | 0.0591 | nd | nd | 0 |
| CIP | 19.5 | 13.7 | 32.1 | 100 | FF | 0.391 | nd | nd | 0 |
| NOR | 24.2 | 15.6 | 43.6 | 100 | CAP | 2.51 | nd | nd | 0 |
GM: geometric mean; Min: minimum; Max: maximum; DF: detection frequency; nd: not detected.
图36个实际土壤样品中30种抗生素的含量及分布情况