| Literature DB >> 35815097 |
Kristina Geyer1, Julia Günther1, Julia Hoffmann1,2, Monika Spies1, Roxana Raab1, Ana Zhelyazkova1,3, Inga Rose1, Hans Hauner1.
Abstract
Introduction The nutritional status of women before, during, and after pregnancy plays an important role in the health of mother and child. In addition to a balanced mixed diet, the increased need for folic acid and iodine should be met and ensured with supplements. The aim of this study was to assess dietary supplementation in the context of pregnancy and to investigate the effect of targeted counselling on supplementation behavior during and after pregnancy. Methods In the context of the "Gesund leben in der Schwangerschaft" (GeliS; "Healthy living in pregnancy") trial, women in the intervention group (IG) received four structured lifestyle counselling sessions during pregnancy as well as postpartum, during which they were informed about appropriate dietary supplementation. The women in the control group (CG) received routine prenatal care. The intake of dietary supplements was recorded at different points using a questionnaire. Results In total, 2099 women were included in the analysis. Prior to conception, 31.3% of the women in the IG and 31.4% of the women in the CG took folic acid supplements. Prenatally, about half of the women took folic acid (IG: 54.1%; CG: 52.0%) and iodine (IG: 50.2%; CG: 48.2%). Statistically significant differences between the groups with regard to supplementation behavior could not be observed, neither prior to inclusion in the study nor during the intervention. During pregnancy, 23.0% of all women took docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements and 21.8% iron supplements. 49.4% of the women additionally took vitamin D supplements. A higher educational level (p < 0.001), advanced age (p < 0.001), primiparity (p < 0.001), and a vegetarian diet (p = 0.037) were all associated with a higher level of dietary supplementation. Conclusion The GeliS lifestyle counselling did not significantly improve the supplementation behavior of women during and after pregnancy. Women should be informed about adequate dietary supplementation early on within the scope of gynecological prenatal care. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: dietary supplementation; folic acid; iodine; postpartum; pregnancy
Year: 2022 PMID: 35815097 PMCID: PMC9262633 DOI: 10.1055/a-1771-6368
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.754
Fig. 1Flow chart. GeliS: “Gesund leben in der Schwangerschaft” (Healthy living in pregnancy). a Participants who were considered for inclusion in the supplementation behavior analysis. b Participants who gave information about their supplementation behavior during early and/or late pregnancy and/or 6 – 8 weeks postpartum. c < 12 weeks of gestation. d 30 – 34 weeks of gestation.
Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants.
| Intervention group (n = 1060) | Control group (n = 1039) | Total (n = 2099) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMI: body mass index. | |||
| Pre-pregnancy age (years) a | 30.1 ± 4.3 | 30.3 ± 4.6 | 30.2 ± 4.5 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) a | 68.4 ± 13.1 | 67.9 ± 13.7 | 68.1 ± 13.4 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m 2 ) a | 24.4 ± 4.4 | 24.3 ± 4.6 | 24.3 ± 4.5 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI category, n (%) | |||
BMI 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m 2 | 685/1060 (64.6%) | 687/1039 (66.1%) | 1372/2099 (65.4%) |
BMI 25.0 – 29.9 kg/m 2 | 251/1060 (23.7%) | 225/1039 (21.7%) | 476/2099 (22.7%) |
BMI 30.0 – 40.0 kg/m 2 | 124/1060 (11.7%) | 127/1039 (12.2%) | 251/2099 (12.0%) |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) a | 13.9 ± 5.3 | 14.0 ± 5.3 | 13.9 ± 5.3 |
| Educational level, n (%) | |||
General secondary school b | 155/1059 (14.6%) | 173/1035 (16.7%) | 328/2094 (15.7%) |
Intermediate secondary school c | 455/1059 (43.0%) | 429/1035 (41.4%) | 884/2094 (42.2%) |
High school d | 449/1059 (42.4%) | 433/1035 (41.8%) | 882/2094 (42.1%) |
| Country of birth, n (%) | |||
Germany | 931/1059 (87.9%) | 929/1036 (89.7%) | 1860/2095 (88.8%) |
Other | 128/1059 (12.1%) | 107/1036 (10.3%) | 235/2095 (11.2%) |
| Living with their partner, n (%) | 1021/1056 (96.7%) | 988/1036 (95.4%) | 2009/2092 (96.0%) |
| Primiparous, n (%) | 661/1060 (62.4%) | 556/1038 (53.6%) | 1217/2098 (58.0%) |
Table 2 Supplementation of selected micronutrients in the intervention and control groups.
| Intervention group | Control group | Effect size (95% CI) a | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | |||
| CI: confidence interval. | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Before/during/after pregnancy b | 678/1060 | 64.0% | 662/1039 | 63.7% | 0.97 (0.70 – 1.33) | 0.840 |
| Prior to pregnancy | 364/1052 | 34.6% | 358/1039 | 34.5% | 0.98 (0.85 – 1.12) | 0.726 |
| During pregnancy | 627/1052 | 59.6% | 600/1039 | 57.7% | 1.02 (0.84 – 1.25) | 0.835 |
First trimester | 573/1052 | 54.5% | 542/1039 | 52.2% | 1.07 (0.89 – 1.29) | 0.483 |
Second trimester | 488/954 | 51.2% | 486/945 | 51.4% | 0.95 (0.70 – 1.28) | 0.720 |
Third trimester | 437/954 | 45.8% | 426/945 | 45.1% | 0.97 (0.75 – 1.26) | 0.819 |
| Postpartum | 128/891 | 14.4% | 251/896 | 28.0% | 0.28 (0.05 – 1.66) | 0.160 |
|
| ||||||
| Prior to pregnancy | 329/1052 | 31.3% | 326/1039 | 31.4% | 0.96 (0.87 – 1.06) | 0.414 |
| During pregnancy | 569/1052 | 54.1% | 540/1039 | 52.0% | 1.07 (0.91 – 1.27) | 0.416 |
First trimester | 545/1052 | 51.8% | 508/1039 | 48.9% | 1.10 (0.93 – 1.31) | 0.279 |
Second trimester | 427/954 | 44.8% | 428/945 | 45.3% | 0.94 (0.73 – 1.20) | 0.603 |
Third trimester | 340/954 | 35.6% | 345/945 | 36.5% | 0.93 (0.73 – 1.18) | 0.560 |
| Postpartum | 105/891 | 11.8% | 197/896 | 22.0% | 0.36 (0.07 – 1.82) | 0.213 |
|
| ||||||
| Prior to pregnancy | 287/1052 | 27.3% | 281/1039 | 27.0% | 1.03 (1.00 – 1.07) | 0.070 |
| During pregnancy | 528/1052 | 50.2% | 501/1039 | 48.2% | 1.05 (0.86 – 1.27) | 0.660 |
First trimester | 503/1052 | 47.8% | 465/1039 | 44.8% | 1.11 (0.90 – 1.36) | 0.352 |
Second trimester | 398/954 | 41.7% | 396/945 | 41.9% | 0.94 (0.72 – 1.24) | 0.682 |
Third trimester | 317/954 | 33.2% | 317/945 | 33.5% | 0.95 (0.75 – 1.21) | 0.665 |
| Postpartum | 108/891 | 12.1% | 215/896 | 24.0% | 0.29 (0.05 – 1.57) | 0.151 |
Table 3 Supplementation of selected micronutrients in the GeliS cohort.
| Prior to pregnancy | During pregnancy | Postpartum | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Figures as percentages. | ||||||
|
| 110/2091 |
| 455/2091 |
| 84/1787 |
|
| T1 | 12.0% | |||||
| T2 | 17.4% | |||||
| T3 | 19.7% | |||||
|
| 135/2091 |
| 481/2091 |
| 140/1787 |
|
| T1 | 17.7% | |||||
| T2 | 21.5% | |||||
| T3 | 18.7% | |||||
|
| 597/2091 |
| 1032/2091 |
| 283/1787 |
|
| T1 | 46.6% | |||||
| T2 | 41.1% | |||||
| T3 | 33.1% | |||||
|
| 130/2091 |
| 529/2091 |
| 51/1787 |
|
| T1 | 13.5% | |||||
| T2 | 23.7% | |||||
| T3 | 23.7% | |||||
|
| 614/2091 |
| 1055/2091 |
| 285/1787 |
|
| T1 | 47.5% | |||||
| T2 | 42.4% | |||||
| T3 | 33.9% | |||||
Table 4 Quantities of supplemented micronutrients.
| Prior to pregnancy | During pregnancy | Postpartum | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First trimester | Second trimester | Third trimester | ||||||||
| n a | median | n a | median | n a | median | n a | median | n a | median | |
| d: day; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid. | ||||||||||
| Folic acid (µg/d) | 540/655 | 800.0 | 917/1053 | 800.0 | 785/855 | 400.0 | 634/685 | 400.0 | 275/302 | 400.0 |
| Iodine (µg/d) | 483/568 | 150.0 | 865/968 | 150.0 | 749/794 | 150.0 | 601/634 | 150.0 | 286/323 | 150.0 |
| Iron (mg/d) | 90/110 | 15.0 | 199/251 | 15.0 | 303/331 | 15.0 | 335/374 | 37.0 | 74/84 | 15.0 |
| DHA (mg/d) | 105/135 | 100.0 | 302/370 | 200.0 | 383/408 | 200.0 | 334/355 | 200.0 | 127/140 | 200.0 |
| Vitamin D (µg/d) | 509/597 | 20.0 | 865/974 | 20.0 | 728/780 | 20.0 | 586/628 | 20.0 | 263/283 | 20.0 |
| Magnesium (mg/d) | 87/130 | 150.0 | 213/283 | 180.0 | 381/451 | 245.0 | 374/450 | 266.7 | 46/51 | 94.0 |
| Vitamin B 12 (µg/d) | 526/614 | 9.0 | 890/944 | 9.0 | 763/805 | 4.0 | 614/644 | 3.5 | 266/285 | 3.5 |
Table 5 Factors influencing the intake of supplements.
| Before/during/after pregnancy a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | Effect size (95% CI) | p-value | |
| CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index. | ||||
|
| < 0.001 | |||
General secondary school | 151/328 | 46.0% | Reference | |
Intermediate secondary school | 524/884 | 59.3% | 1.58 (1.33 – 1.87) | < 0.001 |
High school | 662/882 | 75.1% | 3.00 (2.40 – 3.73) | < 0.001 |
|
| 0.407 | |||
Normal weight | 908/1372 | 66.2% | Reference | |
Overweight | 285/476 | 59.9% | 0.87 (0.70 – 1.09) | 0.209 |
Obesity | 147/251 | 58.6% | 0.89 (0.72 – 1.08) | 0.217 |
|
| < 0.001 | |||
18 – 25 years | 149/298 | 50.0% | Reference | |
26 – 35 years | 1023/1544 | 66.3% | 1.66 (1.31 – 2.10) | < 0.001 |
36 – 43 years | 165/255 | 65.1% | 1.62 (1.11 – 2.36) | 0.012 |
|
| < 0.001 | |||
Multiparity | 537/881 | 61.0% | Reference | |
Primiparity | 803/1217 | 66.0% | 1.26 (1.12 – 1.41) | 0.001 |
|
| < 0.001 | |||
Non-smoker | 1097/1568 | 70.0% | Reference | |
Smoker | 85/213 | 39.9% | 0.40 (0.34 – 0.47) | < 0.001 |
|
| 0.037 | |||
No | 1217/1852 | 65.7% | Reference | |
Yes | 80/111 | 72.1% | 1.24 (1.01 – 1.52) | 0.037 |
Abb. 1Flussdiagramm. GeliS: Gesund leben in der Schwangerschaft. a Teilnehmerinnen, die für die Analyse zum Supplementierungsverhalten infrage kamen. b Teilnehmerinnen, die in der Frühschwangerschaft und/oder Spätschwangerschaft und/oder 6 – 8 Wochen post partum Angaben zu ihrem Supplementierungsverhalten machten. c < 12. Schwangerschaftswoche. d 30. – 34. Schwangerschaftswoche.
Tab. 1 Charakteristika der Studienteilnehmerinnen.
| Interventionsgruppe (n = 1060) | Kontrollgruppe (n = 1039) | Gesamt (n = 2099) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMI: Body-Mass-Index. | |||
| Alter vor der Schwangerschaft (Jahre) a | 30,1 ± 4,3 | 30,3 ± 4,6 | 30,2 ± 4,5 |
| Gewicht vor der Schwangerschaft (kg) a | 68,4 ± 13,1 | 67,9 ± 13,7 | 68,1 ± 13,4 |
| BMI vor der Schwangerschaft (kg/m 2 ) a | 24,4 ± 4,4 | 24,3 ± 4,6 | 24,3 ± 4,5 |
| BMI-Kategorie vor der Schwangerschaft, n (%) | |||
BMI 18,5 – 24,9 kg/m 2 | 685/1060 (64,6%) | 687/1039 (66,1%) | 1372/2099 (65,4%) |
BMI 25,0 – 29,9 kg/m 2 | 251/1060 (23,7%) | 225/1039 (21,7%) | 476/2099 (22,7%) |
BMI 30,0 – 40,0 kg/m 2 | 124/1060 (11,7%) | 127/1039 (12,2%) | 251/2099 (12,0%) |
| Gewichtszunahme in der Schwangerschaft (kg) a | 13,9 ± 5,3 | 14,0 ± 5,3 | 13,9 ± 5,3 |
| Bildungsstand, n (%) | |||
Hauptschulabschluss | 155/1059 (14,6%) | 173/1035 (16,7%) | 328/2094 (15,7%) |
Realschulabschluss | 455/1059 (43,0%) | 429/1035 (41,4%) | 884/2094 (42,2%) |
Abitur/Hochschulabschluss | 449/1059 (42,4%) | 433/1035 (41,8%) | 882/2094 (42,1%) |
| Geburtsland, n (%) | |||
Deutschland | 931/1059 (87,9%) | 929/1036 (89,7%) | 1860/2095 (88,8%) |
anderes Geburtsland | 128/1059 (12,1%) | 107/1036 (10,3%) | 235/2095 (11,2%) |
| mit Partner zusammenlebend, n (%) | 1021/1056 (96,7%) | 988/1036 (95,4%) | 2009/2092 (96,0%) |
| erstgebärend, n (%) | 661/1060 (62,4%) | 556/1038 (53,6%) | 1217/2098 (58,0%) |
Tab. 2 Supplementierung ausgewählter Mikronährstoffe in der Interventions- und Kontrollgruppe.
| Interventionsgruppe | Kontrollgruppe | Effektstärke (95%-KI) a | p-Wert | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | |||
| KI: Konfidenzintervall. | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| rund um die Schwangerschaft b | 678/1060 | 64,0% | 662/1039 | 63,7% | 0,97 (0,70 – 1,33) | 0,840 |
| vor der Schwangerschaft | 364/1052 | 34,6% | 358/1039 | 34,5% | 0,98 (0,85 – 1,12) | 0,726 |
| während der Schwangerschaft | 627/1052 | 59,6% | 600/1039 | 57,7% | 1,02 (0,84 – 1,25) | 0,835 |
Trimester 1 | 573/1052 | 54,5% | 542/1039 | 52,2% | 1,07 (0,89 – 1,29) | 0,483 |
Trimester 2 | 488/954 | 51,2% | 486/945 | 51,4% | 0,95 (0,70 – 1,28) | 0,720 |
Trimester 3 | 437/954 | 45,8% | 426/945 | 45,1% | 0,97 (0,75 – 1,26) | 0,819 |
| post partum | 128/891 | 14,4% | 251/896 | 28,0% | 0,28 (0,05 – 1,66) | 0,160 |
|
| ||||||
| vor der Schwangerschaft | 329/1052 | 31,3% | 326/1039 | 31,4% | 0,96 (0,87 – 1,06) | 0,414 |
| während der Schwangerschaft | 569/1052 | 54,1% | 540/1039 | 52,0% | 1,07 (0,91 – 1,27) | 0,416 |
Trimester 1 | 545/1052 | 51,8% | 508/1039 | 48,9% | 1,10 (0,93 – 1,31) | 0,279 |
Trimester 2 | 427/954 | 44,8% | 428/945 | 45,3% | 0,94 (0,73 – 1,20) | 0,603 |
Trimester 3 | 340/954 | 35,6% | 345/945 | 36,5% | 0,93 (0,73 – 1,18) | 0,560 |
| post partum | 105/891 | 11,8% | 197/896 | 22,0% | 0,36 (0,07 – 1,82) | 0,213 |
|
| ||||||
| vor der Schwangerschaft | 287/1052 | 27,3% | 281/1039 | 27,0% | 1,03 (1,00 – 1,07) | 0,070 |
| während der Schwangerschaft | 528/1052 | 50,2% | 501/1039 | 48,2% | 1,05 (0,86 – 1,27) | 0,660 |
Trimester 1 | 503/1052 | 47,8% | 465/1039 | 44,8% | 1,11 (0,90 – 1,36) | 0,352 |
Trimester 2 | 398/954 | 41,7% | 396/945 | 41,9% | 0,94 (0,72 – 1,24) | 0,682 |
Trimester 3 | 317/954 | 33,2% | 317/945 | 33,5% | 0,95 (0,75 – 1,21) | 0,665 |
| post partum | 108/891 | 12,1% | 215/896 | 24,0% | 0,29 (0,05 – 1,57) | 0,151 |
Tab. 3 Supplementierung weiterer Mikronährstoffe in der GeliS-Kohorte.
| vor der Schwangerschaft | während der Schwangerschaft | post partum | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Angaben in %. | ||||||
|
| 110/2091 |
| 455/2091 |
| 84/1787 |
|
| T1 | 12,0% | |||||
| T2 | 17,4% | |||||
| T3 | 19,7% | |||||
|
| 135/2091 |
| 481/2091 |
| 140/1787 |
|
| T1 | 17,7% | |||||
| T2 | 21,5% | |||||
| T3 | 18,7% | |||||
|
| 597/2091 |
| 1032/2091 |
| 283/1787 |
|
| T1 | 46,6% | |||||
| T2 | 41,1% | |||||
| T3 | 33,1% | |||||
|
| 130/2091 |
| 529/2091 |
| 51/1787 |
|
| T1 | 13,5% | |||||
| T2 | 23,7% | |||||
| T3 | 23,7% | |||||
|
| 614/2091 |
| 1055/2091 |
| 285/1787 |
|
| T1 | 47,5% | |||||
| T2 | 42,4% | |||||
| T3 | 33,9% | |||||
Tab. 4 Supplementierte Mikronährstoffmengen.
| vor der Schwangerschaft | während der Schwangerschaft | post partum | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trimester 1 | Trimester 2 | Trimester 3 | ||||||||
| n a | Median | n a | Median | n a | Median | n a | Median | n a | Median | |
| d: Tag; DHA: Docosahexaensäure. | ||||||||||
| Folsäure (µg/d) | 540/655 | 800,0 | 917/1053 | 800,0 | 785/855 | 400,0 | 634/685 | 400,0 | 275/302 | 400,0 |
| Jod (µg/d) | 483/568 | 150,0 | 865/968 | 150,0 | 749/794 | 150,0 | 601/634 | 150,0 | 286/323 | 150,0 |
| Eisen (mg/d) | 90/110 | 15,0 | 199/251 | 15,0 | 303/331 | 15,0 | 335/374 | 37,0 | 74/84 | 15,0 |
| DHA (mg/d) | 105/135 | 100,0 | 302/370 | 200,0 | 383/408 | 200,0 | 334/355 | 200,0 | 127/140 | 200,0 |
| Vitamin D (µg/d) | 509/597 | 20,0 | 865/974 | 20,0 | 728/780 | 20,0 | 586/628 | 20,0 | 263/283 | 20,0 |
| Magnesium (mg/d) | 87/130 | 150,0 | 213/283 | 180,0 | 381/451 | 245,0 | 374/450 | 266,7 | 46/51 | 94,0 |
| Vitamin B 12 (µg/d) | 526/614 | 9,0 | 890/944 | 9,0 | 763/805 | 4,0 | 614/644 | 3,5 | 266/285 | 3,5 |
Tab. 5 Einflussfaktoren auf die Einnahme von Supplementen.
| vor, während, nach der Schwangerschaft a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | Effektstärke (95%-KI) | p-Wert | |
| KI: Konfidenzintervall; BMI: Body-Mass-Index. | ||||
|
| < 0,001 | |||
Hauptschulabschluss | 151/328 | 46,0% | Referenz | |
Realschulabschluss | 524/884 | 59,3% | 1,58 (1,33 – 1,87) | < 0,001 |
Abitur/Hochschulabschluss | 662/882 | 75,1% | 3,00 (2,40 – 3,73) | < 0,001 |
|
| 0,407 | |||
Normalgewicht | 908/1372 | 66,2% | Referenz | |
Übergewicht | 285/476 | 59,9% | 0,87 (0,70 – 1,09) | 0,209 |
Adipositas | 147/251 | 58,6% | 0,89 (0,72 – 1,08) | 0,217 |
|
| < 0,001 | |||
18 – 25 Jahre | 149/298 | 50,0% | Referenz | |
26 – 35 Jahre | 1023/1544 | 66,3% | 1,66 (1,31 – 2,10) | < 0,001 |
36 – 43 Jahre | 165/255 | 65,1% | 1,62 (1,11 – 2,36) | 0,012 |
|
| < 0,001 | |||
bereits Kinder geboren | 537/881 | 61,0% | Referenz | |
erstgebärend | 803/1217 | 66,0% | 1,26 (1,12 – 1,41) | 0,001 |
|
| < 0,001 | |||
Nichtraucherin | 1097/1568 | 70,0% | Referenz | |
Raucherin | 85/213 | 39,9% | 0,40 (0,34 – 0,47) | < 0,001 |
|
| 0,037 | |||
nein | 1217/1852 | 65,7% | Referenz | |
ja | 80/111 | 72,1% | 1,24 (1,01 – 1,52) | 0,037 |