| Literature DB >> 35652031 |
Marcos George de Souza Leão1, Juscimar Carneiro Nunes2, Ivan Tramujas da Costa E Silva2, Alan Braga Perfeito1, Wagner de Paula Rogério3, Rafaela Brasil E Silva Nunes3.
Abstract
Objective To evaluate postoperative pain, using the visual analog scale (VAS), in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and receiving intra-articular anesthetic solutions. Methods The present is a randomized clinical trial with a sample of 48 patients divided into 4 groups: Group I (n = 12) - 20 mL of saline solution (control); Group II (n = 12) - 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine; Group III (n = 12) - 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine + 0.1 mg of epinephrine; and Group IV (n = 12) - 20 mL of saline solution + 0.1 mg of epinephrine. These solutions were injected into the knee at the end of the surgery. Pain was assessed using the VAS immediately and 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the procedure. Results The VAS scores were highly variable among the groups. A Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA), considering a level of significance of 5%, revealed that all intra-articular anesthetic solutions influenced the assessment of pain ( p = 0.003), and that Group-III subjects presented less postoperative pain. There was no evidence of a higher or lower use of supplemental analgesic agents, or of adverse effects resulting from these anesthetic solutions. Conclusion Bupivacaine combined with epinephrine was the most effective solution for pain control in patients undergoing ACLR, but with no statistically significant differences when compared to Group II ( p = 0.547). There was no decrease or increase in the use of supplemental analgesics or in the occurrence of adverse systemic effects ( p > 0.05). Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: analgesia; anterior cruciate ligament; arthroscopy; drug therapy; pain assessment
Year: 2021 PMID: 35652031 PMCID: PMC9142233 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718514
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Fig. 1CONSORT flow chart.
Fig. 2Visual Analog Scale for pain.
Clinical characteristics of the study sample
| CHARACTERISTICS | FREQUENCY (n = 48) | % |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Left | 18 | 37.5 |
| Right | 30 | 62.5 |
|
| ||
| 75 to 85 | 9 | 18.8 |
| 86 to 96 | 6 | 12.5 |
| 97 to 107 | 16 | 33.3 |
| 108 to 118 | 11 | 22.9 |
| > 118 | 6 | 12.5 |
|
| ||
| Seven | 6 | 12.5 |
| Eight | 34 | 70.8 |
| Nine | 8 | 16.7 |
|
| ||
| Present | 31 | 64.6 |
| Absent | 17 | 35.4 |
|
| (n = 38) | |
| Associated lesion | 1 | 2.6 |
| Trochlear chondral lesion | 1 | 2.6 |
| Sequela of tibial eminence fracture | 1 | 2.6 |
| Lateral meniscus | 14 | 36.8 |
| Medial meniscus | 21 | 55.3 |
Descriptive analysis of postoperative pain in the study sample
| TIME | GROUP | n | MEAN | STANDARD DEVIATION | MINIMUM | MEDIAN | MAXIMUM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| I | 12 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| II | 12 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | |
| III | 12 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| IV | 12 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | |
|
| I | 12 | 5.1 | 1.2 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 6.0 |
| II | 12 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 8.0 | |
| III | 12 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 6.0 | |
| IV | 12 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 4.5 | 9.0 | |
|
| I | 12 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 |
| II | 12 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 7.0 | |
| III | 12 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | |
| IV | 12 | 5.3 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 5.5 | 9.0 | |
|
| I | 12 | 4.3 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 7.0 |
| II | 12 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 7.0 | |
| III | 12 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | |
| IV | 12 | 4.8 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 4.5 | 9.0 | |
|
| I | 12 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 7.0 |
| II | 12 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 6.0 | |
| III | 12 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 8.0 | |
| IV | 12 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 3.5 | 7.0 |
Analysis of variance of pain in the operated patients
| GROUP | n | MEDIAN | RANK | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | 12 | 4.50 | 133.6 | 0.003 |
| II | 12 | 2.00 | 112.5 | |
| III | 12 | 1.50 | 97.1 | |
| IV | 12 | 4.00 | 138.8 |
Note: Kruskal Wallis analysis of variance.
Analysis of variance of pain according to the visual analog scale (VAS) in admitted patients
| CAUSE OF THE VARIATION | DEGREES OF FREEDOM | SUM OF SQUARE VALUES | MEAN SQUARE VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Time
| 4 | 17.23 | 17.2333 | 0.000 |
|
Group
| 3 | 4.37 | 4.3667 | 0.000 |
| Time versus Group | 12 | 3.30 | 3.3 | 0.286 |
| Residue | 220 | 50.50 | 50.5 | |
|
| 239 |
|
Notes: 1 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after surgery. 2 I, II, III, and IV.
Multiple comparisons of average pain scores among the study groups
| Tukey | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GROUP | MEAN DIFFERENCE (I-J) | STANDARD MODEL | 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL | |||
| Inferior cut-off value | Superior cut-off value | |||||
| Group I | Group II | 0.088 | 0.323 | −0.08 | 0.38 | |
| Group III | 0.088 | 0.014 | 0.04 | 0.49 | ||
| Group IV | 0.088 | 0.779 | −0.31 | 0.14 | ||
| Group II | Group I | 0.088 | 0.323 | −0.38 | 0.08 | |
| Group III | 0.088 | 0.547 | −0.11 | 0.34 | ||
| Group IV | 0.088 | 0.042 | −0.46 | −0.01 | ||
| Group III | Group I | 0.088 | 0.014 | −0.49 | −0.04 | |
| Group II | 0.088 | 0.547 | −0.34 | 0.11 | ||
| Group IV | 0.088 | 0.001 | −0.58 | −0.12 | ||
| Group IV | Group I | 0.088 | 0.779 | −0.14 | 0.31 | |
| Group II | 0.088 | 0.042 | 0.01 | 0.46 | ||
| Group III | 0.088 | 0.001 | 0.12 | 0.58 | ||
Relationship between intra-articular solutions and additional pain control
| GROUP | ADDITIONAL PAIN CONTROL | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | % | No | % | ||
| I | 3 | 25.0 | 9 | 75.0 | 12 |
| II | 1 | 8.3 | 11 | 91.7 | 12 |
| III | 1 | 8.3 | 11 | 91.7 | 12 |
| IV | 2 | 16.7 | 10 | 83.3 | 12 |
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|
Note: Chi-square test: p = 0.606.
Fig. 1Fluxograma CONSORT.
Fig. 2Escala Visual Analógica da dor.
Características clínicas dos pacientes avaliados
| CARACTERÍSTICAS | FREQUÊNCIA (n = 48) | % |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Esquerdo | 18 | 37,5 |
| Direito | 30 | 62,5 |
|
| ||
| 75 a 85 | 9 | 18,8 |
| 86 a 96 | 6 | 12,5 |
| 97 a 107 | 16 | 33,3 |
| 108 a 118 | 11 | 22,9 |
| > 118 | 6 | 12,5 |
|
| ||
| Sete | 6 | 12,5 |
| Oito | 34 | 70,8 |
| Nove | 8 | 16,7 |
|
| ||
| Presente | 31 | 64,6 |
| Ausente | 17 | 35,4 |
|
| (n = 38) | |
| Lesão associada | 1 | 2,6 |
| Lesão condral troclear | 1 | 2,6 |
| Sequela de fratura na espinha tibial | 1 | 2,6 |
| Menisco lateral | 14 | 36,8 |
| Menisco lateral | 21 | 55,3 |
Análise descritiva da dor pós-operatória dos pacientes avaliados
| TEMPO | GRUPO | n | MÉDIA | Desvio padrão | MÍNIMO | MEDIANA | MÁXIMO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| I | 12 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 |
| II | 12 | 0,3 | 0,9 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 3,0 | |
| III | 12 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | |
| IV | 12 | 0,1 | 0,3 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 1,0 | |
|
| I | 12 | 5,1 | 1,2 | 3,0 | 5,5 | 6,0 |
| II | 12 | 3,1 | 2,1 | 1,0 | 2,0 | 8,0 | |
| III | 12 | 2,4 | 2,2 | 0,0 | 1,0 | 6,0 | |
| IV | 12 | 4,8 | 2,4 | 2,0 | 4,5 | 9,0 | |
|
| I | 12 | 4,4 | 2,5 | 0,0 | 6,0 | 7,0 |
| II | 12 | 3,6 | 2,5 | 0,0 | 3,0 | 7,0 | |
| III | 12 | 2,8 | 1,7 | 0,0 | 2,5 | 5,0 | |
| IV | 12 | 5,3 | 2,3 | 1,0 | 5,5 | 9,0 | |
|
| I | 12 | 4,3 | 2,6 | 0,0 | 5,0 | 7,0 |
| II | 12 | 3,3 | 2,1 | 0,0 | 3,0 | 7,0 | |
| III | 12 | 2,6 | 2,3 | 0,0 | 2,0 | 7,0 | |
| IV | 12 | 4,8 | 2,5 | 1,0 | 4,5 | 9,0 | |
|
| I | 12 | 3,6 | 2,4 | 0,0 | 4,5 | 7,0 |
| II | 12 | 2,8 | 1,9 | 0,0 | 2,5 | 6,0 | |
| III | 12 | 2,7 | 2,8 | 0,0 | 2,5 | 8,0 | |
| IV | 12 | 3,8 | 2,5 | 0,0 | 3,5 | 7,0 |
Análise da variância da dor dos pacientes operados
| GRUPO | n | MEDIANA | RANK |
Valor de
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | 12 | 4,50 | 133,6 | 0,003 |
| II | 12 | 2,00 | 112,5 | |
| III | 12 | 1,50 | 97,1 | |
| IV | 12 | 4,00 | 138,8 |
Nota: Análise de variância de Kruskal Wallis.
Análise da variância da dor pela Escala Visual Analógica dos pacientes internados
| CAUSA DA VARIAÇÃO | GRAUS DE LIBERDADE | SOMA DOS QUADRADOS | QUADRADO MÉDIO |
Valor de
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Tempo
| 4 | 17,23 | 17,2333 | 0,000 |
|
Grupo
| 3 | 4,37 | 4,3667 | 0,000 |
|
Tempo
| 12 | 3,30 | 3,3 | 0,286 |
| Resíduo | 220 | 50,50 | 50,5 | |
|
| 239 |
|
Notas: 1 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas após a cirurgia. 2 I, II, III e IV.
Comparações múltiplas das médias de dor entre os grupos
| Tukey | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GRUPO | MODELO PADRÃO |
Valor de
| INTERVALO DE CONFIANÇA DE 95% | ||
| Limite inferior | Limite superior | ||||
| Grupo I | Grupo II | 0,088 | 0,323 | −0,08 | 0,38 |
| Grupo III | 0,088 | 0,014 | 0,04 | 0,49 | |
| Grupo IV | 0,088 | 0,779 | −0,31 | 0,14 | |
| Grupo II | Grupo I | 0,088 | 0,323 | −0,38 | 0,08 |
| Grupo III | 0,088 | 0,547 | −0,11 | 0,34 | |
| Grupo IV | 0,088 | 0,042 | −0,46 | −0,01 | |
| Grupo III | Grupo I | 0,088 | 0,014 | −0,49 | −0,04 |
| Grupo II | 0,088 | 0,547 | −0,34 | 0,11 | |
| Grupo IV | 0,088 | 0,001 | −0,58 | −0,12 | |
| Grupo IV | Grupo I | 0,088 | 0,779 | −0,14 | 0,31 |
| Grupo II | 0,088 | 0,042 | 0,01 | 0,46 | |
| Grupo III | 0,088 | 0,001 | 0,12 | 0,58 | |
Relação entre as soluções intra-articulares e o uso da analgesia suplementar
| GRUPO | USO DE ANALGESIA COADJUVANTE | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sim | % | Não | % | ||
| I | 3 | 25,0 | 9 | 75,0 | 12 |
| II | 1 | 8,3 | 11 | 91,7 | 12 |
| III | 1 | 8,3 | 11 | 91,7 | 12 |
| IV | 2 | 16,7 | 10 | 83,3 | 12 |
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Nota: Teste do Qui-quadrado: p = 0,606.