Anorectal dysfunction in patients with mid-low rectal cancer after surgery: A pilot study with three-dimensional high-resolution manometry.

BACKGROUND: The quality of life in patients who develop low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) after surgery for mid-low rectal cancer is seriously impaired. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism of LARS has not been fully investigated. AIM: To assess anorectal function of mid-low rectal cancer patients developing LARS perioperatively.
METHODS: Patients diagnosed with mid-low rectal cancer were included. The LARS score was used to evaluate defecation symptoms 3 and 6 mo after anterior resection or a stoma reversal procedure. Anorectal functions were assessed by three-dimensional high resolution anorectal manometry preoperatively and 3-6 mo after surgery.
RESULTS: The study population consisted of 24 patients. The total LARS score was decreased at 6 mo compared with 3 mo after surgery (P < 0.05), but 58.3% (14/24) lasted as major LARS at 6 mo after surgery. The length of the high-pressure zone of the anal sphincter was significantly shorter, the mean resting pressure and maximal squeeze pressure of the anus were significantly lower than those before surgery in all patients (P < 0.05), especially in the neoadjuvant therapy group after surgery (n = 18). The focal pressure defects of the anal canal were detected in 70.8% of patients, and those patients had higher LARS scores at 3 mo postoperatively than those without focal pressure defects (P < 0.05). Spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus were detected in 45.8% of patients, which were associated with a higher LARS score at 3 mo postoperatively (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The LARS score decreases over time after surgery in the majority of patients with mid-low rectal cancer. Anorectal dysfunctions, especially focal pressure defects of the anal canal and spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus postoperatively, might be the major pathophysiological mechanisms of LARS. ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core Tip: Rectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. Most patients with mid-low rectal cancer treated by anterior resections suffer anterior resection syndrome (ARS), which seriously impairs the quality of life and mental status. Therefore, the factors impacting anorectal function and its underlying mechanism need to be adequately investigated. Three-dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry (3D HR-ARM), a more detailed instrument than traditional one, has rarely been used in these patients. In this study, we compared the perioperative anorectal functions of mid-low rectal cancer patients by 3D HR-ARM. Based on these data, focal pressure defects of the anal canal and spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus postoperatively might be the major pathophysiological mechanisms of low ARS.

INTRODUCTION

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. Rectal cancer, especially the mid-low type, in which the distal margin to the anal edge is ≤ 10 cm, is much more common in China[1]. Most patients treated by anterior resections suffer diverse problems related to abnormal defecation, such as frequent bowel movements, urgency, sensation of incomplete evacuation, and fecal incontinence, together referred to as anterior resection syndrome (ARS)[2]. The social activities, quality of life, and mental status of patients with ARS are seriously compromised[2].The efficacy of rectal irrigation, biofeedback, pelvic floor rehabilitation, and sacral nerve stimulation in patients with ARS has been examined but the number of studies and the respective sample sizes are small[3-5]. Therefore, the factors impacting anorectal function and its underlying mechanism remain to be adequately investigated.

Given the variable manifestations of ARS, “gold standard” diagnostic criteria are lacking[2]. Methods including anorectal manometry, transanal ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging have been used to investigate the association between anorectal structure and function in anorectal organic diseases[6,7]. Three-dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry (3D HR-ARM) uses miniaturized semiconductor sensors that surround a solid-state catheter and thus offers a novel means to serially measure the cross-section of the distal rectum and anal sphincter[8]. Using this solid catheter, the structural changes corresponding to anal sphincter function, including sphincter defects, can be detected. We therefore speculated that 3D HR-ARM could be used to evaluate anorectal structure and function in detail in patients who underwent anterior resection surgery.

The aim of this study was to evaluate anorectal function and to explore the structural factors associated with postoperative anorectal dysfunction in patients with mid-low rectal cancer, by following them from the time of diagnosis to 6 mo after anterior resection or a stoma reversal procedure.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

Patients diagnosed with mid-low rectal cancer at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2012 to November 2013 who were older than 18 years of age were enrolled in this study, and the tumor distal margin to the anal edge was ≤ 10 cm, which was measured by the endoscopists during colonoscopic examination. Patients with a history of perianal diseases or surgery, intestinal diseases, or other diseases that might have affected intestinal or defecation function were excluded. All patients enrolled in the study underwent anterior resections (Dixon procedure or intersphincteric resection) with or without a temporary diverting stoma.

All procedures were performed in accordance with ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee (S-482). All patients provided informed consent prior to enrollment in the study.

Questionnaires

ARS was evaluated in questionnaires completed by the patient with the face-to-face assistance of a well-trained investigator. The questions were designed to obtain general information, rectal cancer- and surgery-related information, and an assessment of defecation symptoms.

The low ARS (LARS) score has been validated in China and other countries and its reliability was consistently demonstrated[9-11]. With a total score of 42 points, it includes five items: (1) Frequency of uncontrolled intestinal flatus (i.e., gas incontinence; scores 0, 4, and 7 points); (2) fluid incontinence (0, 3, and 3 points); (3) bowel frequency (4, 2, 0, and 5 points); (4) clustering (0, 9, and 11 points); and (5) urgency (0, 11, and 16 points). The total LARS score ranges from no low LARS (0-20 points) to minor LARS (21-29 points) and major LARS (30-42 points). LARS score was assessed at 3 and 6 mo after the initial anterior resection or the stoma reversal procedure following a temporary diverting stoma, and both are referred as “after surgery” in the following text.

3D HR-ARM

Anorectal functions were evaluated using the ManoScan 3D HR-ARM system, which includes the ManoScan 360 A300 acquisition system, Manoview analysis software (version 2.2) (Sierra Scientific Instruments, Los Angeles, CA, United States), and solid-state electrodes (diameter 10.75 mm, length 6.4 cm, 256 data acquisition points) to generate a 3D pressure topographic profile of the anorectum. The solid-state electrodes connect with a balloon, and the balloon pressure is acquired with internal sensors within the acquisition module. 3D HR-ARM was performed preoperatively and 3-6 mo after surgery.

The patient was asked to evacuate his/her rectum at least 2 h before the measurement. The patient was placed in the left lateral position; after a digital rectal examination and informing about the anorectal manometry procedure, the electrode was placed. Then, the patient was told to keep calm and quiet for at least 2 min, during which time the resting pressure of the anus was recorded, and the mean value was calculated as the mean resting pressure. The length of high pressure zone of the anal sphincter is the length of the anal canal with mean resting pressure above 20 mmHg. The patient was then instructed to voluntarily squeeze the perianal muscles as hard as possible for at least 30 s three times separated by a 1-min rest. The average value was recorded as the maximal squeeze pressure of the anus. The perception of rectal filling and the capacity of the new rectum were measured by inflating a balloon with air in 10-mL increments. The thresholds of the patient's first perception of rectal filling, urgency to defecate, and maximal tolerable volume were assessed.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 17 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, United States). Numerical variables with a normal distribution are presented as the mean ± SD, and those with a non-normal distribution as the median and interquartile range. Categorical variables are expressed as n (%). Fisher exact tests were used to assess between-group differences in categorical variables for the number of patients less than 40, and a Student’s t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess between-group differences in numerical variables with or without a normal distribution. A paired t-test was used to compare preoperative and postoperative anorectal functions evaluated by 3D HR-ARM, and McNemar-Bowker test or Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was used to compare the LARS scores between 3 and 6 mo after surgery. Pearson correlations or Spearman rank correlations were used to calculate the correlation coefficients. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

General data

Twenty-four patients with mid-low rectal cancer who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study after providing informed written consent, including 14 males and 10 females, with an average age of 57.7 ± 10.4 years. Mid-rectal cancer was diagnosed in 14 and low rectal cancer in 10 patients. The cTNM stage and the major therapies are shown in Table 1. Twenty-two patients had the Dixon procedures, and two had the intersphincteric resections; among them, 18 patients had a temporary diverting stoma and a stoma reversal procedure.

Table 1

General information of patients with mid-low rectal cancer

Item		Number
Sex	Male	14
	Female	10
cTNM stage	T2	8
	T3	15
	T4	1
	N0	11
	N1	11
	N2	2
Preoperative neoadjuvant therapy	Yes	18
	No (surgery only)	6
Anterior resection	Dixon	22
	Intersphincteric resection	2
Diverting stoma	Yes	18
	No	6
Postoperative chemotherapy		5

Defecation symptoms

At 3 mo after surgery, 87.5% of patients (21/24) had LARS, and 83.3% (20/24) had major LARS. At 6 mo after surgery, 83.3% (20/24) still had LARS, and 58.3% (14/24) had major LARS (Table 2). There were significant differences in total LARS score and scores of four items except clustering between 3 mo and 6 mo after surgery (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in LARS scores among patients with different sexes, ages, and tumor TNM stages.

Table 2

Low anterior resection syndrome score in patients with mid-low rectal cancer at 3 and 6 mo after surgery

Item (scale point)	3 mo after surgery, n (%)	6 mo after surgery, n (%)	P value
Frequency of uncontrolled intestinal flatus			0.005
No, never (0)	4 (16.7)	10 (41.7)
Yes, less than once per wk (4)	1 (4.2)	8 (33.3)
Yes, at least once per wk (7)	19 (79.2)	6 (25.0)
Frequency of uncontrolled intestinal fluid			0.003
No, never (0)	5 (20.8)	13 (54.2)
Yes, less than once per wk (3)	8 (33.3)	8 (33.3)
Yes, at least once per wk (3)	11 (45.8)	3 (12.5)
Bowel frequency			0.037
> 7 times/d (4)	7 (29.2)	2 (8.3)
4-7 times/d (2)	16 (66.7)	18 (75.0)
1-3 times/d (0)	1 (4.2)	4 (16.7)
Less than once per day (5)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Clustering			0.500
No, never (0)	1 (4.2)	3 (12.5)
Yes, less than once per wk (9)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Yes, at least once per wk (11)	23 (95.8)	21 (87.5)
Urgency			0.040
No, never (0)	2 (8.3)	3 (12.5)
Yes, less than once per wk (11)	1 (4.2)	8 (33.3)
Yes, at least once per wk (16)	21 (87.5)	13 (54.2)
LARS score1	39 (1.5)	31 (7.5)	< 0.001
No LARS (0-20)	3 (12.5)	4 (16.7)
Minor LARS (21-29)	1 (4.2)	6 (25.0)
Major LARS (30-42)	20 (83.3)	14 (58.3)

LARS score is expressed as the median (interquartile range) and a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was used to identify a significant difference between 3 mo and 6 mo after surgery.

LARS: Low anterior resection syndrome.

At both 3 mo and 6 mo after surgery, the tumor location (the tumor distal margin to the anal edge) were negatively correlated with LARS score (r = -0.499, P = 0.013; r = -0.584, P = 0.003) and urgency score (r = -0.444, P = 0.030; r = -0.425, P = 0.038). And at 6 mo after surgery, tumor location was negatively correlated with clustering score (r = -0.559, P = 0.005). Patients who received preoperative neoadjuvant therapy (chemoradiotherapy) had a higher uncontrolled intestinal flatus score (χ2 = 5.614, P = 0.035) at 3 mo after surgery.

Perioperative anorectal function detected by 3D HR-ARM

The time from surgery to 3D HR-ARM examination was 117-178 d. There were no significant differences in anorectal function at the baseline between the surgery only group and the neoadjuvant therapy group (P < 0.05). Compared with the values before surgery, the length of the high-pressure zone of the anal sphincter after surgery was significantly shorter (P < 0.05), and the mean resting pressure and maximal squeeze pressure of the anus were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in all the patients, especially in the neoadjuvant therapy group after surgery. However, in the surgery only group, only the mean resting pressure was significantly lower (P < 0.05) postoperatively (Table 3). Because some patients could not cooperate well while inflating the balloon in the rectum, we list the number of patients who successfully acquired the first perception of rectal filling volume, urgency to defecate volume, and maximal tolerable volume after surgery in Table 3, and these data were not compared before and after surgery.

Table 3

Comparison of anorectal functions detected by three-dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry before and after surgery

Parameter	Total (n = 24)		Surgery only group (n = 6)		Neoadjuvant group (n = 18)
	Before surgery	After surgery	Before surgery	After surgery	Before surgery	After surgery
Length of high pressure zone of anal sphincter (cm)	3.6 ± 0.7	2.8 ± 1.2a	3.6 ± 0.5	3.6 ± 1.1	3.6 ± 0.7	2.6 ± 1.2a
Mean resting pressure of the anus (mmHg)	107.6 ± 32.3	67.6 ± 28.1a	102.9 ± 38.9	75.2 ± 37.2a	109.2 ± 30.9	65.1 ± 25.2a
Maximal squeeze pressure (mmHg)	259 ± 80.0	207.8 ± 63.3a	274.9 ± 109.6	249.8 ± 89.7	253.7 ± 70.8	193.8 ± 47.2a
First perception of rectal filling volume (mL)	35.6 ± 19.7	39.2 ± 25.8 (n = 12)	20.0 ± 14.1	25.0 ± 7.1 (n = 2)	43.0 ± 27.5	42.0 ± 27.4 (n = 10)
Urgency to defecate volume (mL)	60.0 ± 24.3	51.4 ± 31.9 (n = 7)	35.0 ± 21.2	35.0 ± 7.1 (n = 2)	66.0 ± 18.2	58.0 ± 36.3 (n = 5)
Maximal tolerable volume (mL)	112.1 ± 42.1	71.4 ± 21.2 (n = 7)	123.3 ± 64.3	60.0 ± 26.5 (n = 3)	110.0 ± 11.6	80.0 ± 14.1 (n = 4)

P < 0.05.

Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. A paired t-test was used to compare the data before vs after surgery. The numbers of patients who acquired the first perception of rectal filling volume, urgency to defecate volume, and maximal tolerable volume after surgery are listed in brackets, and those data were not compared for the difference between before and after surgery.

A focal pressure defect in a 3D section of the anal canal was determined in 70.8% (17/24) of the patients postoperatively (Figure 1), including 15 (88.2%) who had received preoperative neoadjuvant therapy. The mean resting pressure of the anus in these 17 patients with focal pressure defects was 60.0 ± 27.9 mmHg. Patients with preoperative neoadjuvant therapy and a lower tumor location were more likely to have a focal pressure defect in a 3D section of the anal canal (P = 0.038, P = 0.019), but there were no significant correlations between the occurrence of focal pressure defects and sex, age, or tumor TNM stages (P > 0.05).

Figure 1

Three-dimensional profile map of three-dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry in resting state before and after surgery (Dixon procedure) in a 55-year-old male patient with low rectal cancer who underwent neoadjuvant therapy. A: Normal anal resting pressure was measured in this patient before surgery, and the tension of the puborectalis muscle is one important partial of the anal resting pressure; the length of the high pressure zone of the anal sphincter was normal in this case before surgery, which is marked with a brace ( [ ); B: After surgery, the patient’s anal resting pressure and length of the high pressure zone of the anal sphincter decreased significantly ( [ ). The blue area indicated with a white arrow is the defect area in the anal sphincter high-pressure zone; the high pressure zone (AN) was the manifestation of relative narrower anastomosis, which did not impact fecal passage.

Spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus were detected in 45.8% (11/24) of the patients during 3D HR-ARM (Figure 2). The occurrence of spastic peristaltic contractions after surgery did not correlate significantly with sex, age, original tumor location, tumor TNM stages, or preoperative neoadjuvant therapy.

Figure 2

Two-dimensional map of three-dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry in resting state in a patient with low rectal cancer after surgery (Dixon procedure). The red area indicates involvement by spastic peristaltic neorectal contractions from the proximal to the distal end of the segment. Abscissa axis is the time intervals of 10 s between two white vertical dotted lines, and vertical axis indicates the position of electrode. The high pressure (a peristaltic contraction) initiated from the proximal segment of the new rectum at first 10 s time window (PR), which was detected by the electrode close to the balloon; about 10 s later, this spastic peristaltic contraction appeared in the distal rectum (DR) and then in the anal sphincter (SP), which were detected by the solid-state electrodes. DR: Distal rectum; SP: Sphincter; PR: Proximal rectum.

Correlation between anorectal dysfunction and symptoms

The postoperative mean resting pressure of the anus was negatively correlated with uncontrolled intestinal flatus score and uncontrolled fluid incontinence score (r = -0.507, P = 0.011; r = -0.472, P = 0.020) at 3 mo after surgery. Both at 3 mo and 6 mo after surgery, the postoperative maximal squeeze pressure of the anus was negatively correlated with LARS score (r = -0.461, P = 0.023; r = -0.453, P = 0.026) and clustering score (r = -0.405, P = 0.050; r = -0.539, P = 0.007). There were no significant correlations between the length of the high pressure zone of the anal sphincter, first perception of rectal filling volume, urgency to defecate volume, or maximal tolerable volume (for those cases with detected data) and LARS symptom scores.

Patients who had focal pressure defects in the anal canal and spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus postoperatively had a higher LARS score than those without these dysfunctions at 3 mo after surgery [39 (2.0) vs 24 (23), P = 0.025; 39 (2.0) vs 39 (18.5), P = 0.017].

Patients who had focal pressure defects in the anal canal had a higher uncontrolled intestinal flatus score (χ2 = 7.309, P = 0.014), higher uncontrolled fluid incontinence score (P = 0.014), and higher urgency score (χ2 = 7.034, P = 0.017) at 3 mo after surgery than those without focal pressure defects. Patients with focal pressure defects had a higher bowel frequency score and urgency score (χ2 = 6.203, P = 0.019; χ2 = 5.905, P = 0.049) at 6 mo after surgery. Patients who had spastic peristaltic contractions postoperatively had a higher bowel frequency score (χ2 = 6.375, P = 0.023; χ2 = 6.044, P = 0.029) at both 3 mo and 6 mo after surgery.

DISCUSSION

In this study, we found that LARS score decreased in the early phase after surgery over time, but 58.3% of patients still had major LARS at 6 mo after surgery. The mean resting pressure of the anus decreased in all patients after surgery, 70.8% of patients had focal pressure defects of the anal canal, and 45.8% had spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus; these patients were more likely to have higher scores of LARS than patients without these dysfunctions at 3 mo after surgery.

ARS had been seen in up to 90% rectal cancer patients who received radical surgeries[2]. The LARS score is a widely validated score to evaluate ARS. It is simpler to use and better reflects the impact of ARS on the patient’s quality of life, enabling clinicians to rapidly assess postoperative bowel function[9-12]. A meta-analysis showed that the estimated prevalence of major LARS at 1 year and more after rectal radial resection was about 41%, and within 1 year after surgery the prevalence might be higher[13]. Our study found that major LARS was seen in more than half of the patients at 6 mo after surgery. Three years after surgery, 94.2% and 70.6% of patients who underwent coloanal anastomosis with low-lying rectal cancer still had moderate to severe incontinence and major LARS, respectively[12]. The impact of ARS on quality of life still persisted at 11.1 years (range, 7.1-16.1 years) after surgery[14].

Among the diverse clinical manifestations of ARS, the most common is fecal incontinence (97%), followed by increased bowel frequency (80%), urgency (67%), evacuatory dysfunction (47%), and gas-stool discrimination (34%)[15]. Loss of rectal reservoir, anal sphincter damage, autonomic denervation, colon and neorectal motility increase, anastomotic technique, pelvic radiotherapy, rectal-anus sensitivity reduction, and anal resting pressure reduction have been recognized as the pathophysiological mechanisms of ARS[2,16].

Currently, there have been no “gold standard” objective methods to evaluate the anorectal function. Anorectal manometry has been widely used to evaluate anorectal function in patients with defecation dysfunction and fecal incontinence, and 3D HR-ARM has been confirmed to be superior in detecting sphincter dysfunction to traditional linear ARM and HR-ARM[8]. In this study, with 3D HR-ARM we not only found a decreased mean resting pressure of the anus in all patients, but also worse parameters of anorectal manometry in patients with preoperative neoadjuvant therapy after surgery. These results are consistent with the mainstream view that preoperative neoadjuvant radiotherapy is a risk factor for postoperative bowel dysfunction[17]. It had been found that the new rectum of patients with preoperative neoadjuvant therapy was less sensitive to mechanical and temperature stimulation than that of patients who underwent direct surgery[18], even though there was evidence that the short term benefits of neoadjuvant treatment including tumor control, downstaging, improved bowel symptoms, and increased length of the high-pressure zone of the anal sphincter were demonstrated in patients with mid-low rectal cancer 6 wk after adjuvant radiotherapy[19,20].

Except preoperative adjuvant radiotherapy, tumor location was another important risk factor for LARS[13,21]. We found that patients with a lower tumor location had a higher LARS score, and that tumor location was related to the presence of focal pressure defects in the anal canal. Additionally, Battersby et al[22] first developed a Pre-Operative LARS score to predict bowel dysfunction severity prior to anterior resection, and the key predictive factors for LARS were age (at surgery), tumor height, total vs partial mesorectal excision, stoma, and preoperative radiotherapy.

Decreased anal mean resting pressure had been demonstrated to be involved in the pathophysiological mechanism of ARS[2,16], but anal mean resting pressure was not precise enough to reflect the anal pressure distribution. In this study, the mean resting pressure in patients with focal pressure defects in the anus was comparable with that previously measured in 110 healthy Chinese volunteers[8], and the pressure of the anal canal was more uneven after than before surgery according to the 3D profiles. Therefore, 3D HR-ARM might reveal more details in ARS patients, even though there was controversy over whether 3D HR-ARM could replace 3D ultrasonography in detecting anal sphincter defects[7]. Considering that patients who had fecal incontinence were more likely to have focal pressure defects in the anal canal compared to constipation patients or healthy people[23], and in this study patients detected with focal pressure defects had higher scores of LARS, uncontrolled intestinal flatus, uncontrolled fluid incontinence, and urgency at 3 mo and higher scores of bowel frequency and urgency at 6 mo after surgery than those without, we speculate that focal pressure defects are involved in pathophysiological changes of LARS, especially for incontinence and urgency in ARS patients.

Studies focused on the motility of the new rectum were rare, except that Emmertsen et al[24] reported a significantly higher postprandial response of the rectum and neorectal pressure in LARS patients. Interestingly, in this study we captured spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus by 3D HR-ARM in nearly half of the patients after surgery, which were related to higher bowel frequency score and higher LARS score. This indicates that the new rectum still preserves the spastic peristaltic contractions of the sigmoid colon, which results in frequent bowel movements and even clustering defecation. We gained enlightenment from this result to teach the patients to start the training exercise of the new rectum for storage and sensation as early as possible after surgery, which could be helpful to alleviate their frequent bowel movements.

The limitations of this pilot study were the small sample size and the short follow-up duration. Considering the discomfort of patients, we performed the 3D HR-ARM once during 3-6 mo after surgery. After this study, the patients entered into the routine follow-up and individualized therapy for the LARS symptoms. In this study, we did not collect the data of sexual practices and anal sex practices and did not include patients with upper rectal cancer, because it is considered that anterior resection for those patients less affects the anorectal function.

CONCLUSION

In this pilot prospective study, we found that more than half of the patients with mid-low rectal cancer have major LARS at 6 mo after surgery, the mean resting pressure of the anus decreases in all patients, and the anorectal dysfunctions, especially anal focal pressure defects and spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus, have correlations with LARS scores after surgery. The anal focal pressure defects and spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus might be the major pathophysiological mechanisms of LARS. Further studies are needed to validate our findings regarding LARS and explore effective interventions based on the pathophysiology.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) seriously impairs the quality of life and mental status of rectal cancer patients after radical surgeries, but the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood.

Research motivation

More and more rectal cancer patients have benefited from integrative treatment of surgery and chemo-radiotherapy and their survival rates have been improved. Improving the quality of life and alleviating the defecation related symptom are becoming much more important.

Research objectives

The aim of this research was to fully assess anorectal function of rectal cancer patients perioperatively.

Research methods

Mid-low rectal cancer patients were assessed with LARS score after surgery and three-dimensional high resolution anorectal manometry before and after surgery.

Research results

Twenty-four patients were included in this study. Their LARS scores decreased after surgery over time. The anorectal function detected by three-dimensional high resolution anorectal manometry after surgery was worse than that before surgery in all patients, especially in the neoadjuvant therapy group. The focal pressure defects of the anal canal and spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus were detected in 70.8% and 45.8% of the patients, which were associated with higher LARS scores and rarely been reported before.

Research conclusions

Anorectal function worsens after surgery in mid-low rectal cancer patients. The focal pressure defects of anal canal and spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus postoperatively might be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of LARS.

Research perspectives

More studies need to be done to confirm our finding that the anal focal pressure defects and spastic peristaltic contractions from the new rectum to anus might be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of LARS, and effective interventions should be explored to alleviate the suffering of rectal cancer patients after surgery.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Dr. Tao Xu at the Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, China for assistance with the statistical analyses. The abstract was presented as a poster at the joint 2017 meeting of the Asian Neurogastroenterology and Motility Association (ANMA) and the Japanese Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JSNM) held in Osaka, Japan March 23-25, 2017.