Sebastian Ebel1,2, Alexander Kühn3, Abhinav Aggarwal3,4, Benjamin Köhler5, Benjamin Behrendt5, Robin Gohmann3, Boris Riekena3, Christian Lücke3, Juliane Ziegert3, Charlotte Vogtmann3, Bernhard Preim5, Siegfried Kropf6, Bernd Jung7, Timm Denecke8, Matthias Grothoff3, Matthias Gutberlet3. 1. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Centre, Leipzig, Germany. sebastian.ebel@icloud.com. 2. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. sebastian.ebel@icloud.com. 3. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Centre, Leipzig, Germany. 4. Department of Radiology, Mata Chanan Devi Hospital of New Delhi, New Delhi, India. 5. Department of Simulation and Graphics, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. 6. Department for Biometry and Medical Informatics, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. 7. Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Paediatric Radiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 8. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: 4D flow MRI enables quantitative assessment of helical flow. We sought to generate normal values and elucidate changes of helical flow (duration, volume, length, velocities and rotational direction) and flow jet (displacement, flow angle) as well as wall shear stress (WSS). METHODS: We assessed the temporal helical existence (THEX), maximum helical volume (HVmax), accumulated helical volume (HVacc), accumulated helical volume length (HVLacc), maximum forward velocity (maxVfor), maximum circumferential velocity (maxVcirc), rotational direction (RD) and maximum wall shear stress (WSS) as reported elsewhere using the software tool Bloodline in 86 healthy volunteers (46 females, mean age 41 ± 13 years). RESULTS: WSS decreased by 42.1% and maxVfor by 55.7% across age. There was no link between age and gender regarding the other parameters. CONCLUSION: This study provides age-dependent normal values regarding WSS and maxVfor and age- and gender-independent normal values regarding THEX, HVmax, HVacc, HVLacc, RD and maxVcirc. KEY POINTS: • 4D flow provides numerous new parameters; therefore, normal values are mandatory. • Wall shear stress decreases over age. • Maximum helical forward velocity decreases over age.
OBJECTIVES: 4D flow MRI enables quantitative assessment of helical flow. We sought to generate normal values and elucidate changes of helical flow (duration, volume, length, velocities and rotational direction) and flow jet (displacement, flow angle) as well as wall shear stress (WSS). METHODS: We assessed the temporal helical existence (THEX), maximum helical volume (HVmax), accumulated helical volume (HVacc), accumulated helical volume length (HVLacc), maximum forward velocity (maxVfor), maximum circumferential velocity (maxVcirc), rotational direction (RD) and maximum wall shear stress (WSS) as reported elsewhere using the software tool Bloodline in 86 healthy volunteers (46 females, mean age 41 ± 13 years). RESULTS: WSS decreased by 42.1% and maxVfor by 55.7% across age. There was no link between age and gender regarding the other parameters. CONCLUSION: This study provides age-dependent normal values regarding WSS and maxVfor and age- and gender-independent normal values regarding THEX, HVmax, HVacc, HVLacc, RD and maxVcirc. KEY POINTS: • 4D flow provides numerous new parameters; therefore, normal values are mandatory. • Wall shear stress decreases over age. • Maximum helical forward velocity decreases over age.
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