Prognostic Value of LINC-ROR (rs1942347) Variant in Patients with Colon Cancer Harboring BRAF Mutation: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.

Emerging studies show that long intergenic non-protein coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming (LINC-ROR) is aberrantly expressed in several types of cancer, including colon cancer (CC). LINC-ROR intronic variant rs1942347 may impact gene regulation and disease phenotype. We aimed to explore the potential association of LINC-ROR (rs1942347) with the clinicopathological features and outcome of CC cases. Archived FFPE (n = 180) CC samples were enrolled. Taq-Man allelic discrimination PCR was used for genotyping in propensity-matched cohorts with/without positive staining for mutant BRAF protein after eliminating confounders bias. The rs1942347*A allele variant was associated with high pathological grade, larger tumor size, distant metastasis, and mortality. Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted by sex and BRAF mutation showed A/A genotype carriers to have 3 times more risk of early onset of cancer (OR = 3.13, 95%CI = 1.28-7.69, p = 0.034) than T/T genotype carriers. Overall analysis showed that rs1942347*A allele carriers had higher risk of mortality under heterozygote (OR = 2.13, 95%CI = 1.08-4.35, p = 0.003), homozygote (OR = 5.0, 95%CI = 1.69-14.29, p = 0.003), dominant (OR = 3.33, 95%CI = 1.20-9.09, p = 0.003), and recessive (OR = 2.63, 95%CI = 1.37-5.0, p = 0.011) models compared to T/T allele carriers. Stratified analysis by BRAF status revealed that the ancestor T/T allele conferred protection in BRAF mutant CC patients and was associated with a 73-93% reduced risk of mortality under heterozygote/homozygote comparison models. Using Kaplan-Meier curves, carriers of the A/A genotype had shorter survival times than T/T cohorts. The univariate Cox regression model revealed that the A/A genotype was associated with a 3.5 times greater mortality risk than the T/T genotype. However, after adjustment by multiple Cox regression analysis, the risk was insignificant. In conclusion, this is the first study identifying the potential association of the LINC-ROR (rs1942347) variant with CC prognosis.

1. Introduction

Colon cancer (CC) remains one of the most common lethal malignant tumors worldwide, with a steadily rising incidence rate in developing countries [1,2]. The global new colorectal cancer cases is predicted to reach 3.2 million in 2040 [3]. Although several screening/prognostic markers and therapeutic modalities for CC have been identified, many patients, in particular, in developing countries, are diagnosed at late stages with tumor invasion/distance metastasis [4].

Accumulating evidence indicates that colon tumorigenesis is a multistage process in which the contribution of environmental, genetic, and/or epigenetic factors is evident [5,6,7]. Recently, the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) family of non-coding RNAs have been identified as one of the main contributors to CC tumorigenesis and could have potential novel diagnostic/prognostic utility in CC [5,8,9,10] As a new intergenic ncRNA, the long intergenic noncoding-regulator of reprogramming; LINC-ROR has been identified as a key player in the development, progression, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and invasion/metastasis of multiple cancers, including CC [11,12,13,14,15]. The related gene (ID: 100885779) is located on Ch. 18q21.31 (the reverse strand), spanning about 17.5 Kb (Ensembl.org). It consists of 6 exons, coding for two transcripts of 2603 and 2278 nucleotide bases in length (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/100885779, accessed on 10 February 2022).

Numerous studies have reported that dysregulated expression of LINC-ROR in CC contributes to cancer cell viability, proliferation, invasion, and/or metastasis and functions as competing endogenous RNA by sponging microRNA-145 and miRNA-223-3p or regulating the miR-6833-3p/SMC4 pathway [10,14,16]. Furthermore, LINC-ROR could also promote radiotherapy resistance in human colorectal cells by targeting the p53/miR-145 pathway [17].

Although the studies mentioned above unraveled the impact of aberrant LINC-ROR expression on CC development and progression, the clinical importance of the specified LINC-ROR gene variant(s) in CC remains largely unknown. Accumulating evidence revealed that lncRNAs single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could significantly impact the lncRNA secondary structure, expression levels, and/or processing, which results in tumorigenesis and progression and drug response alteration [5,18].

Across the LINC-ROR-related SNPs detected during genome sequencing of different ethnic groups, only five intronic variants were cited (Supplementary Table S1). These include rs1942348 (T/C), rs6420545 (C/T), rs9636089 (C/T), and rs4801078 (C/T) in breast cancer [19] and rs732982 (G/A) in schizophrenia [20]. We selected the intronic variant rs1942347 (A/T), which overlaps 3 out of 8 transcripts of the gene (i.e., LINC-ROR-202, 207, and 208), has the highest minor allele frequency (MAF; 0.47) among the identified related variants, according to the HapMap project, and was not cited before. In this sense, the authors were interested in exploring the prognostic value of this variant for the first time, to our knowledge, in patients with colon cancer using TaqMan Real-Time allelic discrimination PCR. In association with other genetic, epigenetic, and environmental markers, this could be helpful in future personalized management for patients with CC.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patients and Tissues

A total of 351 paraffin-embedded blocks of CC tissue specimens were collected from Suez Canal University hospital pathology lab, Ismailia, Oncology Center of Mansoura Hospital, Mansoura, and El-laban Pathology Lab, Port-Said, Egypt, in the last 5 years, and complete clinical and pathological data were screened. Of these, 60 patients had positive staining for mutant BRAF protein (BRAF). Propensity scores matching analysis yielded 2 similar datasets of 60 and 120 matched cohorts with mutant and wild-type BRAF tumors, respectively. Inclusion criteria included the presence of sufficient tissue specimens for pathological and molecular work. Exclusion criteria were receiving any treatment modality before surgery, secondary tumors, loss of follow-up, missing clinical and/or pathological data, samples without paired non-cancer tissues, and samples with insufficient quality of extracted DNA. The demographic data, such as the patient’s age, sex, tumor location, and postoperative course (recurrence and survival), were obtained from the patients’ medical records. The International Union Against Cancer TNM staging system [21] was applied for the cancer staging system. The Declaration of Helsinki ethical guidelines were followed. The local Medical Research Ethics Committee approved this study. The patient consent was waived as the enrolled samples in this retrospective study were archived.

2.2. Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Assessment

A total of 351 samples were included initially at the start of the analysis. Serial sections of 5 μm from each paraffin-embedded block of tumor tissue specimens were stained with H&E. Revision of the histopathological features of each tumor was reviewed by an expert histopathologist as regards the variants (adenocarcinoma, mucinous, and signet ring), the differentiation, and the presence of lymphovascular invasion according to WHO classification [22]. TNM staging and Dukes’ staging of each tumor were reviewed according to Akkoca and colleagues [23]. The paraffin tissue sections were dewaxed, rehydrated, and washed in phosphate-buffered saline 1× (PBS; Lonza, Verviers, Belgium). Antigen retrieval was performed by treating the slides in a PT Link (Dako, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, United States) containing acid or basic solution (as appropriate) and preheated to 97 °C for 30 min. Next, the tissue was treated with a peroxidase-blocking solution (Dako, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, United States) for five minutes. Mouse monoclonal antibodies were applied: anti-BRAF VE1 (Catalog No. ab228461, dilution 1:100, Abcam, Waltham, MA, United States). The sections were counterstained for three minutes with Meyer’s hematoxylin, and then mounted. Human melanoma tissue with B-RAF V600E mutation tissues were run as a positive control as recommended by the manufacturer. Negative controls were obtained by omitting the primary antibodies.

2.3. Interpretation of the Immunohistochemical Results

All immune-stained slides were evaluated two times by the pathologist, blinded to all clinical, histopathological, and genetic data. The CC cases were scored positive for BRAF V600E mutation if ≥80% of tumor cells expressed diffuse uniform unequivocal strong or moderate cytoplasmic staining with or without nuclear staining. In contrast, the cases were negative for BRAF V600E mutation if they showed no staining or weak, cytoplasmic, non-granular, uniform staining (stain intensity < 80%). Cases with staining of isolated cells in a tumor and those who showed no staining were also negative. The cases were scored as equivocal if they displayed ambiguous, heterogeneous, non-uniform cytoplasmic staining in tumor cells with or without nuclear staining [24,25,26].

It is worth noting that cases that showed equivocal results of IHC staining underwent molecular screening and had BRAF mutation results defined as positive or negative documented in their medical record.

2.4. In Silico Data Analysis

Genomic structure and variants of LINC-ROR were identified in the Ensembl Genomic database (www.ensembl.org). The list was sorted, and the most common biallelic variant rs1942347 (A/T) was selected. The putative variant effect was explored in the HaploReg v4.1 database (http://compbio.mit.edu/HaploReg) (accessed on 10 February 2021) to investigate the presence of linked SNPs and small indels within the block. Prior publications were retrieved from the human gene database GeneCards (www.genecards.org) and the NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) (all databases last accessed on 10 February 2021) [27].

2.5. LINC-ROR rs1942347 (A/T) Variant Analysis

Tissue genomic DNA of 180 CC samples was extracted and purified according to the QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit protocol (Catalog no. 56404, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), which depends on the selective binding of DNA to the silica-based membranes after tissue digestion by proteinase K and incubation at an elevated temperature (90 °C) to reverses the formalin crosslinking. RNase was added during the extraction procedure to obtain RNA-free genomic DNA. The isolated DNA was quantified using a Nanodrop-1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Tech., Wilmington, USA) and stored at − 80 °C for the time of allelic discrimination analysis. The specified variant was genotyped using a TaqMan assay (Cat no. C__11450075_10) with specific probe-fluorescence dyes to detect the transversion substitution A/T of interest in the context sequence [VIC/FAM]GGTGTATACCTAGGAGCAAAGTTGC[A/T]GGGTCATATGGGAACCCTATGTTTA] according to the Chr.18: 57057227 on build GRCh38. The Real-Time PCR was performed by two independent coauthors blinded to the BRAF status of the samples in a StepOne™ Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) as detailed in our previous publications [28,29]. Nuclease-free water was loaded instead of the extracted DNA in each run to work as non-template negative controls. The PCR set was programmed to run the initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of amplification at 95 °C for 15 s and annealing at 60 °C for 1 min, and the final step at 60 °C (30 s). In total, 10% of the samples were randomly assigned for a rerun to ensure reproducibility of the results with a 100% recalling genotyping rate. SDS software version 1.3.1. (Applied Biosystems) was applied for genotyping data analysis.

2.6. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS v27.0 (IBM Corp.) and R software version 3.4.2 (R Foundation). Propensity score analysis was performed using the nearest neighbor method with a ratio of 2:1 using the MatchIT R package. Hardy–Weinberg analysis was computed through SNPstats software [30]. Allele and genotype frequencies were estimated as previously described [31]. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each inheritance association model [31]. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to compare different possible models and determine which best fitted the data. A two-sided Chi-square test was applied to compare clinical and pathological data between groups. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were reconstructed to analyze the survival times for each specified genotype carrier. A univariate Cox regression model followed by multiple Cox regression analysis was run. The 2-sided p-value was significant at <0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population

The study included 180 colon cancer patients: 120 patients with wild-type BRAF protein and 60 patients in the propensities-matched BRAF mutation group. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding their demographic, clinical, and pathological features (Supplementary Table S2). Those patients who died were more likely to have tumors in the transverse or descending colon (61.3% vs. 38.1%, p = 0.004), high pathological grade (37.1% vs. 17.8%, p = 0.006), or distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis (29% vs. 15.3%, p = 0.032) (Table 1).

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the study population according to survival.

Variable		Total(n = 180)	Survived(n = 118)	Died(n = 62)	p-Value
Age (y)	≤60	92 (51.1)	57 (48.3)	35 (56.5)	0.34
	>60	88 (48.9)	61 (51.7)	27 (43.5)
Sex	Male	111 (61.7)	68 (57.6)	43 (69.4)	0.14
	Female	69 (38.3)	50 (42.4)	19 (30.6)
Location	Right	97 (53.9)	73 (61.9)	24 (38.7)	0.004
	Transverse/left	83 (46.1)	45 (38.1)	38 (61.3)
Type	Adenocarcinoma	128 (71.1)	82 (69.5)	46 (74.2)	0.60
	Others	52 (28.9)	36 (30.5)	16 (25.8)
Grade	G1	136 (75.6)	97 (82.2)	39 (62.9)	0.006
	G2/G3	44 (24.4)	21 (17.8)	23 (37.1)
T stage	T1/2	132 (73.3)	87 (73.7)	45 (72.6)	0.86
	T3/4	48 (26.7)	31 (26.3)	17 (27.4)
N stage	Negative	72 (40)	42 (35.6)	30 (48.4)	0.11
	Positive	108 (60)	76 (64.4)	32 (51.6)
M stage	Negative	144 (80)	100 (84.7)	44 (71)	0.032
	Positive	36 (20)	18 (15.3)	18 (29)
Duke’s stage	A/B	111 (61.7)	73 (61.9)	38 (61.3)	1.00
	C/D	69 (38.3)	45 (38.1)	24 (38.7)
BRAF mutation	Wild type	120 (66.7)	80 (67.8)	40 (64.5)	0.74
	Mutant	60 (33.3)	38 (32.2)	22 (35.5)
Relapse	No	127 (70.6)	89 (75.4)	38 (61.3)	0.06
	Yes	53 (29.4)	29 (24.6)	24 (38.7)

Data are presented as frequencies (percentages). A two sided-Chi-square test was used. Bold values indicate statistical significance at a p-value < 0.05.

3.2. Histopathological Assessment and BRAF Mutation Analysis

Representative examples of the slide examination using hematoxylin and eosin are depicted in Figure 1. Immunohistochemistry analysis of 351 colon cancer tissue specimens for mutant BRAF revealed positive staining in 60 samples, while 291 samples were not stained (Figure 2). The expression was inversely related to the degree of differentiation (greater expression with poorly and undifferentiated tumors). The staining was cytoplasmic with/or without nuclear staining. Mucinous adenocarcinoma showed negative staining, while the signet ring showed scattered positivity.

Figure 1

Histopathological findings in colon carcinoma. (A) Colonic adenoma with a moderate to high degree of dysplasia (×100). (B) Well-differentiated colon adenocarcinoma formed of more than 95% of invasive irregular separate glands (×200). (C) Moderately differentiated colonic adenocarcinoma (Grade 2) showing irregular fused glands infiltrating the wall (×200). (D) Poorly differentiated colonic adenocarcinoma (Grade 3) showing diffuse sheets of pleomorphic anaplastic cells with few irregular acinar-like structures (×200). (E) Poorly differentiated colonic adenocarcinoma (Grade 3) formed of sheets of undifferentiated cells with no evidence of acinar formations (×200). (F) Mucinous colonic carcinoma showed lakes and pools with mucin with floating malignant cells and fragments of acini (×200). (G) Signet ring carcinoma of the colon formed of malignant cells with signet ring appearance (×200). (H) Mesenteric lymph node containing metastatic deposits of colonic carcinoma (×200). (I) Deep invasion of colonic carcinoma in the colonic wall down to subserosal fat (×100).

Figure 2

Immunohistochemistry staining for Braf mutant (BRAFV600E) protein. (A) Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma showing negative staining of BRAF (×200). (B) Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma showing weak cytoplasmic staining (×400). (C) Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma showing moderate cytoplasmic staining (×200). (D) Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma showing strong cytoplasmic staining (×400). (E) Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma showing cytoplasmic staining (×200). (F) Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma showing nuclear staining (×200). (G) Signet ring nuclei showing scattered few positively stained nuclei (200). (H) Mucinous adenocarcinoma showing negative staining of the BRAF mutation (×100).

3.3. Genotype and Allele Frequencies of the LINC-ROR Variant in CRC Patients

The genotype frequency of rs1942347 was in accordance with HWE (p = 0.54). MAF (T allele) accounted for 0.41 in the study population (Figure 3A). According to the 1000 Genome Project, the same allele frequencies were 0.42 in East Asians, 0.23 in South Asians, 0.35 in Americans, 0.31 in Europeans, and 0.86 in Africans. Genotype frequencies for T/T, A/T, and A/A were 18% (N = 32), 46% (N = 83), and 36% (N = 65), respectively (Figure 3B). The intronic study variant is located at chromosome 18:57057227 according to the (GRCh38.p13) build (Figure 3C). Testing the association of different genotypes of the studied variant with the BRAF mutation status revealed insignificant results (Figure 3D).

Figure 3

Genotype and allele frequencies of the LINC-ROR rs1942347 variant. Data are presented as a frequency and percentage. A two sided-Chi-square test was used. Statistical analysis was set at a p-value below 0.05. (A) Allele frequency of patients with CC, (B) Genotype frequency of 180 patients with CC. (C) Gene variant location within the LINC_ROR intron. (D) Relationship between the BRAF mutation and genotype results (p = 0.46).

3.4. Prognostic Value of the LINC-ROR Genotypes in CRC

The LINC-ROR rs1942347*A variant was associated with an earlier onset of colon cancer in a dose-dependent manner (p = 0.039). Patients with A/A and A/T were more prevalent (61.5% and 49.4%) compared to T/T carriers (34.4%) (Table 2). There was no significant difference regarding patient’s sex (p = 0.18), tumor site (p = 0.52), histopathological diagnosis (p = 0.60), or BRAF status (p = 0.46). However, rs1942347*A polymorphism was associated with a high pathological grade (A/A: 30.8%, A/T: 27.7%, T/T: 3.1%, p = 0.008), larger tumor size (A/A: 36.9%, A/T: 25.3%, T/T: 9.4%, p = 0.014), distant metastasis (A/A: 29.2%, A/T: 18.1%, T/T: 6.3%, p = 0.024), and mortality (A/A: 47.7%, A/T: 31.3%, T/T: 15.6%, p = 0.005) (Table 2). In this sense, the study variant was significantly associated with poor prognostic indices in the enrolled cases of colon cancer.

Table 2

Association of LINC-ROR rs1942347 genotypes with clinical and pathological features.

Variable		Number	T/T (N = 32)	A/T (N = 83)	A/A (N = 65)	p-Value
Age (y)	≤60	92	11 (34.4)	41 (49.4)	40 (61.5)	0.039
	>60	88	21 (65.6)	42 (50.6)	25 (38.5)
Sex	Female	111	17 (53.1)	57 (68.7)	37 (56.9)	0.18
	Male	69	15 (46.9)	26 (31.3)	28 (43.1)
Location	Right	97	19 (59.4)	41 (49.4)	37 (56.9)	0.52
	Transverse/left	83	13 (40.6)	42 (50.6)	28 (43.1)
Type	Adenocarcinoma	128	25 (78.1)	57 (68.7)	46 (70.8)	0.60
	Others	52	7 (21.9)	26 (31.3)	19 (29.2)
Grade	G1	136	31 (96.9)	60 (72.3)	45 (69.2)	0.008
	G2/3	44	1 (3.1)	23 (27.7)	20 (30.8)
T stage	T1/2	132	29 (90.6)	62 (74.7)	41 (63.1)	0.014
	T3/4	48	3 (9.4)	21 (25.3)	24 (36.9)
Lymph node metastasis	Negative	72	12 (37.5)	34 (41)	26 (40)	0.94
	Positive	108	20 (62.5)	49 (59)	39 (60)
Distant metastasis	Negative	144	30 (93.8)	68 (81.9)	46 (70.8)	0.024
	Positive	36	2 (6.3)	15 (18.1)	19 (29.2)
Duke’s stage	A/B	111	25 (78.1)	51 (61.4)	35 (53.8)	0.06
	C/D	69	7 (21.9)	32 (38.6)	30 (46.2)
BRAF mutation	Wild type	120	21 (65.6)	59 (71.1)	40 (61.5)	0.46
	Mutant	60	11 (34.4)	24 (28.9)	25 (38.5)
Relapse	Negative	127	22 (68.8)	62 (74.7)	43 (66.2)	0.51
	Positive	53	10 (31.3)	21 (25.3)	22 (33.8)
Mortality	Negative	118	27 (84.4)	57 (68.7)	34 (52.3)	0.005
	Positive	62	5 (15.6)	26 (31.3)	31 (47.7)
DFS (months)	Prolonged (≥48)	61	15 (46.9)	28 (33.7)	18 (27.7)	0.17
	Short (<48)	119	17 (53.1)	55 (66.3)	47 (72.3)
OS (months)	Prolonged (≥48)	87	19 (59.4)	40 (48.2)	28 (43.1)	0.31
	Short (<48)	93	13 (40.6)	43 (51.8)	37 (56.9)

Data are presented as a frequency (percentage). A two sided-Chi-square test was used. Bold values indicate a statistically significant p-value below 0.05. DFS: disease-free survival; OS: overall survival.

As shown in Table 3, multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted by sex and BRAF mutation showed that A variant carriers had a 3 times greater risk of early onset of cancer under the homozygote comparison model (A/A vs. T/T: OR = 3.13, 95%CI = 1.28–7.69, p = 0.034).

Table 3

Genetic inheritance association models for the LINC-ROR gene variant and early cancer risk.

Frequency	Genotype	Late Onset	Early Onset	OR (95%CI)	p-Value	AIC
Codominant	T/T	21 (23.9%)	11 (12%)	Reference	0.034	252.1
	A/T	42 (47.7%)	41 (44.6%)	1.64 (0.84–3.23)
	A/A	25 (28.4%)	40 (43.5%)	3.13 (1.28–7.69)
Dominant	T/T	21 (23.9%)	11 (12%)	Reference	0.031	252.2
	A/A-A/T	67 (76.1%)	81 (88%)	2.38 (1.06–5.26)
Recessive	A/T-T/T	63 (71.6%)	52 (56.5%)	Reference	0.033	252.3
	A/A	25 (28.4%)	40 (43.5%)	1.96 (1.05–3.7)

Multivariate regression analysis was applied. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) are shown. The models were adjusted for age, sex, and BRAF mutation. AIC: Akaike information criterion; used for evaluating how well a model fits the data it was generated from it. AIC was calculated from the number of independent variables used to build the model. Bold values indicate a statistically significant p-value below 0.05.

3.5. Survival Analysis

Overall analysis showed that cancer patient carriers of rs1942347*A variant had a higher risk of mortality under the heterozygote comparison (A/T vs. T/T: OR = 2.13, 95%CI = 1.08–4.35, p = 0.003), homozygote comparison (A/A vs. T/T: OR = 5.0, 95%CI = 1.69–14.29, p =0.003), dominant model (A/T-A/A vs. T/T: OR = 3.33, 95%CI = 1.20–9.09, p = 0.003), and recessive model (A/A vs. T/T-A/T: OR = 2.63, 95%CI = 1.37–5.0, p = 0.011) (Table 4). According to the AIC value, the codominant comparison was the best model. Stratified analysis by BRAF status revealed that the presence of the ancestor allele of the LINC-ROR rs1942347 variant conferred protection in BRAF mutant CC patients and was associated with a 73–93% reduced risk of mortality under the heterozygote comparison (OR = 0.27, 95%CI = 0.08–0.90) and homozygote comparison models (OR = 0.07, 95%CI = 0.01–0.68). In contrast, the same SNP did not show an association with survival in the BRAF negative group (Supplementary Table S3).

Table 4

Genetic inheritance association models for the LINC-ROR gene variant and mortality risk.

Frequency	Genotype	Survived	Died	OR (95%CI)	p-Value	AIC
Codominant	T/T	27 (22.9%)	5 (8.1%)	Reference	0.0037	230.0
	A/T	57 (48.3%)	26 (41.9%)	2.13 (1.08–4.35)
	A/A	34 (28.8%)	31 (50%)	5.0 (1.69–14.29)
Dominant	T/T	27 (22.9%)	5 (8.1%)	Reference	0.011	232.7
	A/A-A/T	91 (77.1%)	57 (91.9%)	3.33 (1.2–9.09)
Recessive	A/T-T/T	84 (71.2%)	31 (50%)	Reference	0.0035	230.6
	A/A	34 (28.8%)	31 (50%)	2.63 (1.37–5)

Multivariate regression analysis was applied. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) are shown. The models were adjusted for age, sex, and BRAF mutation. AIC: Akaike information criterion; used for evaluating how well a model fits the data it was generated from it. AIC was calculated from the number of independent variables used to build the model. Bold values indicate a statistically significant p-value below 0.05.

Kaplan–Meier curves represent the survival times for each genotype (Figure 4). Carriers of the A/A genotype (54.9 ± 1.79 months) had shorter survival times than T/T cohorts (61.6 ± 1.78 months, p = 0.022). The univariate Cox regression model revealed that A/A was associated with a 3.5 times greater mortality risk than T/T (HR = 3.57, 95%CI = 1.35–9.09, p = 0.010). However, after adjustment by multiple Cox regression analysis, the risk was not significant (HR = 2.17, 95%CI = 0.80–4.88) (Figure 5).

Figure 4

Kaplan–Meier survival curves for LINC-ROR genotypes. The X-axis represents the overall survival in months. The Log-Rank test was used for overall and pairwise comparison. The Bonferroni test was applied for p-value adjustment. Dashed black lines represent the median times.

Figure 5

Multivariate Cox regression analysis for overall survival. * p = 0.018, ** p = 0.001. TV: transverse colon; DC: descending colon; AC: ascending colon; WT: wild type. Hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported.

4. Discussion

As a recently identified molecular target for cancer therapy, lncRNAs provide an outstanding opportunity to impact several aspects of cancer progression, including colon cancer [32]. Our study, for the first time, reports the association of the LINC-ROR rs1942347 variant with poor colon cancer outcomes. More specifically, the rs1942347*A variant carriers showed a three times greater risk for earlier onset colon cancer than counterpart allele carriers. Moreover, the rs1942347*A polymorphism was associated with larger tumor size, high pathological grade, distant metastasis, and mortality.

Several association studies have confirmed the role of the lncRNAs variants in multiple cancers, including CC [33,34,35]. For example, the H19 rs2839698*A allele was significantly associated with an increased risk of CC in Chinese by modifying the folding structure and targeted microRNAs of H19 [36]. Similarly, the lncRNA colorectal cancer-associated transcript 1 (CCAT1) rs67085638C/T and rs7013433A/T variants were found to be associated with increased CC risk and advanced stage, respectively, in the same population [37]. The lnc-LAMC2-1:1 rs2147578 polymorphism was found to be a genetic modifier for CC development via changing the sponging effect of this lncRNA on miR-128-3p [38]. Furthermore, the lncRNA PCAT1 rs2632159 variant was reported to influence CRC risk by altering the binding of the transcriptional factors: EBF, LUN-1, and TCF12, thereby upregulating PCAT1 in the tissues and potentiating its oncogenic role [33]. The metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) rs664589G allele was associated with gene upregulation and accelerated colon cancer growth/metastasis [34]. In contrast, the lncRNA HOXA transcript at the distal tip (HOTTIP) rs17501292 variant showed improvement in overall survival of cancer patients with ulcerative or invasive tumors [39]. Collectively, these studies, among others, support the potential utility of lncRNA SNPs as genetic biomarkers for CC risk and progression.

The lncRNA variants may impact gene expression and RNA processing, and/or modulate the secondary structure that influences the interacting molecular network and downstream targets [40,41], culminating in cancer development and progression [5,42]. In an attempt to predict the impact of the intronic LINC-ROR rs1942347A/T variant on cancer outcome, we ran the HaploReg v4.1; (https://pubs.broadinstitute.org/mammals/haploreg/haploreg.php) (last accessed 5 March 2022), a validated online bioinformatics tool specified for exploring annotations of the non-coding genome variants based on the 1000 Genomes Project, and on expression quantitative trait locus studies [43]. We found that rs1942347 was in strong linkage disequilibrium (r2 ≥ 8) with the other 12 SNPs on the same LINC-ROR gene locus on chromosome 18 (Supplementary Table S4). This suggests that the potential effect of this variant on the overall cancer phenotype could be due to complex interactions with other polymorphisms, which is more impactful than the independent main effects of one SNP [33]. Interestingly, one of the linked SNPs, rs2027701, has been associated with worse concurrent chemoradiotherapy efficacy at the lymph node of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma [44]. Moreover, the analysis revealed that this variant might be associated with 10 altered DNA motifs, which could partly explain the significant impact and association of this variant with poor prognostic indices identified in the current study. Further in vitro functional studies are recommended to confirm these findings.

After stratifying our patient cohort by BRAF status, we found that the presence of the ancestor allele (T) of the LINC-ROR rs1942347 variant conferred protection in BRAF mutant CC patients and was associated with a 73–93% reduced risk of mortality. Interestingly, Wang et al. demonstrated “the p53 signaling pathway as the most highly enriched pathway among the BRAF mutation-related genes” [45]. As Zhang et al. reported evidence that the LINC-RoR is a potent negative regulator of p53 translation through direct interaction with the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNP I) with subsequent inhibition of p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [46], it can be speculated that in the case of carriers of the ancestral allele (non-pathological one) that is not associated with dysregulated ROR expression, the p53 regulatory mechanisms on the cell apoptosis will be issued, improving the cancer cell outcome.

Although the present study was the first to report a significant association between the LINC-ROR rs1942347 variant and poor prognosis of patients with colon cancer, it lacks the functional and mechanistic works that unravel the specific role of the studied variant on LINC-ROR gene expression and/or the impacted downstream targets in colon cancer, which is planned for future work. Furthermore, the reproducibility of the findings should be confirmed in other ethnic populations.

5. Conclusions

This study unraveled the association of the lncRNA-ROR rs1942347A/T variant with poor prognosis in terms of high pathological grade, larger tumor size, distant metastasis, and mortality in patients with colon cancer. Further studies are required to explore the influence of this variant on gene expression and to study its potential association with chemoresistance in this type of cancer.