| Literature DB >> 35004411 |
Chang Hee Lee, Mi Heui Jang, Yong Sung Choi, Hyunsook Shin.
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study aimed to characterize the relationship between parental stress and nurses' communication as perceived by parents of high-risk newborns in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Entities:
Keywords: Communication; Neonatal intensive care units; Newborn; Parents; Psychological stress
Year: 2019 PMID: 35004411 PMCID: PMC8650925 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2019.25.2.184
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Child Health Nurs Res ISSN: 2287-9110
General Characteristics of High-risk Newborns and Their Parents (N=54)
| Variables | Characteristics | Categories | n (%) or M±SD | Parental stress | t or F ( | Nurse's communication ability | t or F ( |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | Age (year) | ≤29 | 9 (16.7) | 3.70±1.05 | 0.49 (.688) | 4.44±0.55 | 0.87 (.461) |
| 30~34 | 14 (25.9) | 3.25±0.95 | 4.53±0.48 | ||||
| 35~39 | 23 (42.6) | 3.31±0.98 | 4.26±0.53 | ||||
| ≥40 | 8 (14.8) | 3.52±0.81 | 4.39±0.41 | ||||
| 34.93±5.42 | |||||||
| Sex | Father | 24 (44.4) | 3.07±0.78 | 2.34 (.023) | 4.47±0.48 | 1.15 (.257) | |
| Mother | 30 (55.6) | 3.65±1.01 | 4.31±0.52 | ||||
| Employment | Employed | 32 (59.3) | 3.32±0.82 | 0.63 (.531) | 4.36±0.52 | 0.30 (.763) | |
| Unemployed | 22 (40.7) | 3.49±1.13 | 4.41±0.49 | ||||
| Dual income | Yes | 13 (24.1) | 3.81±0.70 | 1.86 (.069) | 4.27±0.58 | 0.89 (.380) | |
| No | 41 (75.9) | 3.26±0.99 | 4.41±0.48 | ||||
| Education level | ≤High school | 17 (31.5) | 3.19±1.12 | 1.06 (.296) | 4.48±0.47 | 0.98 (.331) | |
| ≥University | 37 (68.5) | 3.48±0.86 | 4.33±0.52 | ||||
| Religion | Yes | 19 (35.2) | 3.43±0.80 | 0.20 (0.845) | 4.30±0.57 | 0.91 (0.367) | |
| No | 35 (64.8) | 3.37±1.03 | 4.43±0.47 | ||||
| Monthly income (10,000 won) | ≤300 | 17 (31.5) | 3.44±0.88 | 0.28 (.784) | 4.09±0.41 | 3.29 (.002) | |
| ≻300 | 37 (68.5) | 3.37±0.99 | 4.51±0.49 | ||||
| Planned pregnancy | Yes | 38 (70.4) | 3.42±1.01 | 0.29 (.772) | 4.46±0.52 | 1.77 (.083) | |
| No | 16 (29.6) | 3.33±0.80 | 4.20±0.42 | ||||
| Length of marriage (year) | ≤2 | 14 (25.9) | 3.24±0.96 | 0.26 (.774) | 4.38±0.60 | 0.69 (.507) | |
| 3~6 | 28 (51.9) | 3.43±1.06 | 4.44±0.48 | ||||
| ≥7 | 12 (22.2) | 3.48±0.68 | 4.24±0.46 | ||||
| 4.41±3.11 | |||||||
| Mother's disease | Yes | 5 (9.3) | 2.73±0.91 | 4.34±0.41 | |||
| No | 49 (90.7) | 3.46±0.94 | 4.38±0.52 | ||||
| Abortion experience | Yes | 11 (20.4) | 3.52±0.85 | 0.50 (.616) | 4.36±0.55 | 0.12 (.903) | |
| No | 43 (79.6) | 3.36±0.98 | 4.38±0.50 | ||||
| Number of visits (number of conversations) | 10.31±13.80 | ||||||
| Newborns | Length of stay in NICU (day) | 9.96±14.11 | |||||
| Gestational age (week) | ≺37 | 14 (25.9) | 3.07±1,15 | -1.30 (.209) | 4.21±0.49 | 1.45 (.154) | |
| ≥37 | 40 (74.1) | 3.50±0.86 | 4.44±0.50 | ||||
| 37.14±3.55 | |||||||
| Birth weight (g) | ≺1,500 | 6 (11.1) | 3.12±0.78 | 1.60 (.213) | 4.12±0.48 | 0.93 (.213) | |
| 1,501~2,499 | 12 (22.2) | 3.04±1.12 | 4.41±0.40 | ||||
| ≥2,500 | 36 (66.7) | 3.55±0.90 | 4.41±0.53 | ||||
| 2,749.54±857.35 | |||||||
| Delivery type | Spontaneous delivery | 27 (50.0) | 3.27±0.99 | 0.95 (.346) | 4.48±0.49 | 1.45 (.154) | |
| Caesarean operation | 27 (50.0) | 3.51±0.91 | 4.28±0.50 | ||||
| Sex | Male | 30 (55.6) | 3.66±0.83 | 2.42 (.019) | 4.41±0.50 | 0.44 (.660) | |
| Female | 24 (44.4) | 3.05±0.99 | 4.35±0.52 | ||||
| Birth order | First | 32 (59.3) | 3.36±1.01 | 0.11 (.896) | 4.37±0.51 | 0.10 (.909) | |
| Second | 14 (25.9) | 3.37±0.96 | 4.36±0.56 | ||||
| Third or later | 8 (14.8) | 3.54±0.79 | 4.45±0.44 | ||||
| Medical diagnosis | Preterm baby | 11 (20.4) | 3.66±0.68 | 1.33 (.196) | 4.18±0.45 | 1.48 (.145) | |
| Term | 43 (79.6) | 3.32±1.00 | 4.43±0.51 | ||||
| Respiratory disease | 23 (53.5) | 3.38±0.96 | 4.36±0.57 | ||||
| Neonatal jaundice | 6 (14.0) | 3.32±1.14 | 4.46±0.51 | ||||
| IUGR | 5 (11.6) | 2.82±1.23 | 4.75±0.26 | ||||
| Others (sepsis, anormaly) | 9 (20.9) | 3.46±0.98 | 4.42±0.43 | ||||
| Feeding method | Oral feeding | 43 (79.6) | 3.35±0.97 | 0.63 (.539) | 4.40±0.51 | 0.53 (.597) | |
| Tube feeding | 11 (20.4) | 3.55±0.91 | 4.31±0.52 | ||||
| Intravenous catheter | None | 29 (53.7) | 3.11±1.07 | 3.14 (.052) | 4.42±0.47 | 0.25 (.781) | |
| Peripheral IV | 17 (31.5) | 3.80±0.68 | 4.35±0.56 | ||||
| Central venous catheter | 8 (14.8) | 3.53±0.67 | 4.29±0.55 | ||||
| Incubator care | ICS/Incubator | 37 (68.5) | 3.55±0.82 | 1.88 (.066) | 4.35±0.52 | 0.58 (.568) | |
| Cradle | 17 (31.5) | 3.04±0.14 | 4.44±0.48 | ||||
| Respirator care | Yes | 16 (29.6) | 3.39±0.95 | 0.01 (.995) | 4.44±0.54 | 0.54 (.593) | |
| No | 38 (70.4) | 3.39±0.96 | 4.36±0.49 | ||||
NICU=Neonatal intensive care unit; IUGR=Intrauterine growth restriction; IV=Intra-venous injection; ICS=Intensive care system.
Stress among Parents of High-risk Newborns (N=54)
| Items | M±SD | |
|---|---|---|
| Overall parental stress | 3.39±0.95 | |
| I. Sights and sounds of the environment | 1. The presence of monitors and equipment. | 2.19±1.01 |
| 2. The constant noises of monitors and equipment. | 2.44±1.08 | |
| 3. The sudden noises of monitor alarms. | 2.93±1.23 | |
| 4. The other sick babies in the room. | 2.63±1.10 | |
| 5. The large number of people working in the unit. | 2.17±1.27 | |
| Sub-total | 2.47±0.90 | |
| II. Baby's appearance and behavior, treatments | 6. Tubes and equipment on or near my baby. | 3.46±1.27 |
| 7. Bruises, cuts or incisions on my baby. | 3.56±1.36 | |
| 8. The unusual color of my baby . | 3.54±1.28 | |
| 9. My baby's unusual or abnormal breathing patterns. | 3.96±1.23 | |
| 10. The small body size of my baby. | 2.81±1.38 | |
| 11. The wrinkled appearance of my baby. | 2.52±1.11 | |
| 12. Having a breathing machine for my baby. | 3.56±1.50 | |
| 13. Seeing needles and tubes put in my baby. | 3.81±1.15 | |
| 14. My baby being fed by an intravenous line or tube. | 3.46±1.33 | |
| 15. When my baby seemed to be in pain. | 4.13±1.17 | |
| 16. When my baby looked sad. | 3.74±1.35 | |
| 17. The limp and weak appearance of my baby. | 3.83±1.38 | |
| 18. Jerky or restless movements of my baby. | 3.87±1.37 | |
| 19. My baby not being able to cry like other babies. | 3.44±1.34 | |
| Sub-total | 3.55±1.03 | |
| III. Relationship with the baby and the patient's parental role | 20. Being separated from my baby. | 3.94±1.20 |
| 21. Not feeding my baby myself. | 3.56±1.36 | |
| 22. Not being able to care for my baby myself. | 3.54±1.36 | |
| 23. Not being able to hold my baby when I want. | 3.63±1.41 | |
| 24. Feeling helpless and unable to protect my baby from pain and painful procedures. | 4.06±1.17 | |
| 25. Not having time alone with my baby. | 3.44±1.30 | |
| 26. Feeling helpless about how to help my baby during this time. | 3.93±1.32 | |
| Sub-total | 3.73±1.13 |
Nurses' Communication Ability and Communication Styles Perceived by Parents of High-risk Newborns (N=54)
| Items | M±SD | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nurses' communication ability | |||
| Verbal communication ability | |||
| 1. Nurses treat me with comforting words. | 4.26±0.62 | ||
| 2. Nurses talk to me through an appropriate understanding of my mindset or requirements. | 4.24±0.58 | ||
| 3. Nurses explain medical practices well so that I find them easy to understand. (Ex. checkup, administration, treatment, etc.) | 4.39±0.60 | ||
| 4. Whenever I ask a question, nurses talk softly to me, without anger or annoyance. | 4.52±0.54 | ||
| Sub-total | 4.35±0.51 | ||
| Non-verbal communication ability | |||
| 5. Nurses have a positive demeanor when interacting with me. | 4.37±0.65 | ||
| 6. Nurses make eye contact me when s/he talks. | 4.37±0.59 | ||
| 7. When I speak, nurses respond with nodding head. | 4.24±0.67 | ||
| 8. When I talk, nurses stay closely with me so that I feel comfortable. | 4.37±0.53 | ||
| 9. Nurses' surroundings are neatly arranged. | 4.35±0.65 | ||
| 10. Nurses speak at a speed appropriate for understanding. | 4.41±0.60 | ||
| 11. Nurses speak with clear pronunciation and in a proper tone of voice, and I understand them easily. | 4.43±0.60 | ||
| 12. Nurses' appearance is neat. (ex. make-up, hair style, accessories, etc.) | 4.50±0.58 | ||
| 13. Nurses are neatly dressed. (ex. uniforms, shoes, etc.) | 4.50±0.58 | ||
| Sub-total | 4.39±0.52 | ||
| Overall | 4.38±0.50 | ||
| The nurses' communication style | |||
| Informative communication style | |||
| 1. Nurses easily answer questions about clinical trials and conditions to me and my family. | 4.44±0.63 | ||
| 2. Nurses explain the process and procedure of clinical trials well. | 4.31±0.61 | ||
| 3. Nurses check my understanding about the information provided by medical staff. | 4.04±0.78 | ||
| 4. Nurse explain the purpose of medication and side effects to me. | 4.04±0.91 | ||
| 5. Nurses explain me the purpose and procedure of the nursing that they provide to my baby. | 4.24±0.64 | ||
| 6. Nurses provide information about hospital and NICU when baby is hospitalized. | 4.20±0.76 | ||
| Sub-total | 4.20±0.60 | ||
| Friendly communication style | |||
| 7. Nurses listen attentively to my baby. | 4.33±0.64 | ||
| 8. Nurses understand my baby's pain compassionately. | 4.17±0.69 | ||
| 9. Nurse encourage me to have hope for my baby's recovery. | 4.31±0.72 | ||
| 10. I can tell my personal story to him/her. | 3.37±0.94 | ||
| 11. Nurses treat my baby respectfully. | 4.19±0.75 | ||
| 12. Nurse are kind to my baby. | 4.31±0.70 | ||
| Sub-total | 4.24±0.70 | ||
| Authoritative communication style | |||
| 13. Nurses force me to follow their instructions. | 1.91±0.98 | ||
| 14. Nurses often interrupt me when I speak. | 1.76±1.05 | ||
| 15. Nurses are most likely to lead a conversation with me. | 2.69±1.12 | ||
| 16. Nurses often use difficult medical terms that I can't understand. | 1.80±0.86 | ||
| 17. Nurses ask how I feel and think about my baby's illness. | 2.74±0.81 | ||
| 18. Nurses allow me to be involved in my baby's care. | 2.06±0.81 | ||
| Sub-total | 2.22±0.63 | ||
NICU=Neonatal intensive care unit.
Correlation of Stress, Nurses' Communication Ability, Nurses' Communication Styles as Perceived by Parents of High-risk Newborns
| Variables | 1 | 1-1 | 1-2 | 1-3 | 2 | 2-1 | 2-2 | 3-1 | 3-2 | 3-3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | ||
| 1. Parental stress | 1 | ||||||||||
| 1-1. Sights and sounds of the environment | .76 (<.001) | 1 | |||||||||
| 1-2. Baby's appearance and behavior, treatments | .97 (<.001) | .66 (<.001) | 1 | ||||||||
| 1-3. Relationship with the baby and patient's parent role | .92 (<.001) | .60 (<.001) | .83 (<.001) | 1 | |||||||
| 2. Communication ability | -.23 (.095) | -.32 (.017) | -.22 (.114) | -.14 (.326) | 1 | ||||||
| 2-1. Verbal communication ability | -.35 (.010) | -.35 (.009) | -.34 (.012) | -.26 (.055) | .94 (<.001) | 1 | |||||
| 2-2. Non-verbal communication ability | -.17 (.218) | -.30 (.029) | -.16 (.256) | -.08 (.585) | .99 (<.001) | .88 (<.001) | 1 | ||||
| 3. Communication style | |||||||||||
| 3-1. Informative communication style | -.10 (.456) | -.27 (.050) | -.07 (.626) | -.05 (.729) | .76 (<.001) | .72 (<.001) | .75 (<.001) | 1 | |||
| 3-2. Friendly communication style | -.23 (.102) | -.34 (.013) | -.20 (.139) | -.14 (.312) | .76 (<.001) | .69 (<.001) | .76 (<.001) | .70 (<.001) | 1 | ||
| 3-3. Authoritative communication style | .11 (.424) | .18 (.182) | .05 (.716) | .15 (.280) | -.38 (.004) | -.40 (.002) | -.36 (.008) | -.32 (.018) | -.34 (.013) | 1 | |