| Literature DB >> 34985220 |
Zihang Xia1, Cheddah Soumia1, Weiwei Wang1, Yan Wang1, Chao Yan1.
Abstract
Submicron nonporous silica (NPS) materials feature small particle sizes, smooth surfaces, and regular shapes. They also exhibit excellent performance as a stationary phase; however, their use is limited by their low specific surface area and low phase ratio. Therefore, a novel surface modification strategy tailored for NPS microspheres was designed, involving a multi-step reaction. 3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) was first grafted onto NPS particles as a silane coupling agent. Polyethyleneimine (PEI), a high-molecular-weight polymer, was then coated onto the particles, providing numerous amino reaction sites. In the final step, an acylation reaction was initiated between stearoyl chloride and the amino groups to obtain the final product, designated as C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2. Elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, Zeta potential analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the success of the chemical modifications at each step. The carbon content increased from 0.55% to higher than 8.29%. Thus, it solved the low carbon loading capacity problem when modifying NPS microspheres with traditional C18 reversed phase (e. g., octadecyl chlorosilane modification). Meanwhile, the reasons for the considerable differences between NPS and porous silica (PS) microspheres in terms of the reactivity to surface modification were investigated in detail. The BET method was employed to compare the pore structures. FT-IR and 29Si solid-state NMR spectroscopy were employed to analyze the differences in the structure and quantity of silanol groups on the surfaces of the NPS and PS microspheres. Differences were observed not only in the pore size and surface area, but also in the types of silanol groups. FT-IR analysis indicated that the NPS and PS microspheres had different υSi-OH band positions, which shifted from 955 to 975 cm-1, respectively. 29Si solid-state NMR analysis further highlighted the differences in structural information for Si atom environments. Results revealed that 16% of silicon atoms in the PS microspheres had one hydroxyl group (isolated silanols, Q3, δ 100), while 19% had two hydroxyl groups (geminal silanols, Q2, δ 90). On the other hand, the NPS microspheres possessed no geminal silanols, and only 30% of the Si atoms were in the Q3 state. Therefore, the NPS microspheres had a lower density of silanol groups and lacked geminal silanol groups, compared to the PS microspheres. Geminal silanol groups have already been confirmed in previous studies to offer far higher reactivity than isolated silanols. These factors together explained the low reactivity of NPS microspheres toward surface modification. Further, the low specific surface area of the microspheres arising from their nonporous nature made it challenging to obtain a high carbon content through a simple one-step reaction. Hydrophobic substances such as hydrocarbons from the benzene series and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were selected to study the chromatographic performance. The hydrophobic mechanism was revealed by the separation of PAHs using different ratios of acetonitrile. Separation was achieved with a C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2 column, following which a hydrophobic phenomenon occurred. The presence of the amino coating led to the inversion of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) of the silica microspheres on the pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) platform. It also enhanced the linear velocity in the pCEC platform when the pH was selected to be low. The effects of the applied voltage on the separation ability of the 720 nm C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2 column were examined to determine optimal conditions. Rapid and effective separation was achieved in a relatively short time. Therefore, the C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2 stationary phase is promising for practical use with a higher phase ratio, demonstrating superiority for use in reversed-phase pCEC separation, and thus, providing a new strategy and valuable reference for the future application of submicron NPS microspheres.Entities:
Keywords: electroosmotic flow (EOF); high carbon content; pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC); silanol groups; submicron nonporous silica microsphere
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2022 PMID: 34985220 PMCID: PMC9404077 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.03042
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Se Pu ISSN: 1000-8713
图 13 μm-PS与720 nm-NPS微球的N2吸附-解析附图和孔径分布图
图 2720 nm-NPS与3 μm-PS微球的红外光谱图
图 3表面硅氧烷、邻位硅羟基、孤立硅羟基和偕硅羟基示意图
图 4720 nm-NPS与3 μm-PS微球的29Si固体核磁图谱
图5高碳含量NPS微球表面结构修饰制备过程示意图
结构修饰过程元素分析结果
| Sample | N/% | C/% | H/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 720 nm-activated-SiO2 | 0.13 | 0.55 | 0.99 |
| 720 nm-GPTS-SiO2 | 0.16 | 1.99 | 1.23 |
| 720 nm-NH2-GPTS-SiO2 | 0.31 | 2.19 | 1.30 |
| 720 nm-C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2 | 0.27 | 8.29 | 2.34 |
| 3 μm-activated-SiO2 | < 0.10 | 0.34 | 0.61 |
| 3 μm-GPTS-SiO2 | < 0.10 | 7.73 | 1.50 |
| 3 μm-NH2-GPTS-SiO2 | 2.70 | 9.59 | 2.29 |
| 3 μm-C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2 | 2.20 | 20.15 | 3.56 |
| 720 nm-C18-SiO2 | <0.10 | 0.79 | 0.54 |
图 6表面结构修饰过程的(a)红外光谱图(720 nm)、(b)Zeta电势、(c)TGA和(d)热重差值(DTG)曲线
图 7二氧化硅微球表面结构修饰前、后的SEM照片
图 8720 nm与3 μm C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2色谱柱的(a)电渗流随pH、施加电压的变化关系和(b)反相作用机理考察
图 9施加电压对720 nm C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2色谱柱分离(a)苯系物与(b)多环芳烃的影响和不同色谱柱分离(c)苯系物与(d)多环芳烃效果对比