| Literature DB >> 34900096 |
Roberto Zambelli1,2, Marcos de Bastos3,4, Suely Meireles Rezende5.
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is among the most feared complications by orthopedists both for due to its potentially lethal outcome and the uncertainties related to its prevention. Despite the vast literature on VTE prevention in major orthopedic surgeries, little is known about it in ankle and foot procedures. In orthopedics, adequate thromboprophylaxis requires a careful assessment of the thrombotic and hemorrhagic risks based on the procedure to be performed, as well as and knowledge on anticoagulant agents. The presentis review has the goal of assessing the risk of developingdiscusses VTE risk assessment, the modalities of thromboprophylaxis modalities, and the drugs used, with an emphasis on foot and ankle surgeries. Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: ankle; foot; orthopedics; pre-exposure prophylaxis; surgery; thrombosis
Year: 2020 PMID: 34900096 PMCID: PMC8651438 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715512
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Fig. 1Caprini score. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; h, hours; LLs, lower limbs; VTE, venous thromboembolism. Source: Adapted from Caprini JA. Risk assessment as a guide for the prevention of the many faces of venous thromboembolism. Am J Surg 2010; 199 (1 Suppl):S3–10 25 .
Drugs most used for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in orthopedic surgeries
| Drug | Dose | Time for withdrawal from the preoperative therapy | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 100 mg/day, single dose, orally | 5 to 10 days before surgery | It should not be used as a monotherapy. Use as extended therapy after 5 days of rivaroxaban in patients with low thrombotic risk |
| LMWH - enoxaparin | 40 mg/day, single dose, subcutaneous | 12 hours if low risk of bleeding; 24 hours if high risk of bleeding | Start 12 hours after surgery |
| LMWH - dalteparin | 5,000 IU/day, single dose, subcutaneous | 12 hours if low risk of bleeding; 24 hours if high risk of bleeding | Start 12 hours after surgery |
| LMWH - nadroparin | 38 IU of anti-Xa per kilogram of body weight (0.2 to 0.4 mL); increase by 50% on the fourth postoperative day (0.3 to 0.6 mL). | 12 hours if low risk of bleeding; 24 hours if high risk of bleeding | Start 12 hours after surgery |
| Rivaroxaban | 10 mg/day, orally | 24 hours if low risk of bleeding; 48 hours if moderate or high risk of bleeding, or in elderly patients | Start > 6 hours after surgery |
| Dabigatran | 220 mg/day, orally | 48 to 72 hours if normal renal function; minimum of 5 days for major orthopedic surgeries | Start with 110 mg 1 to 4 hours after surgery, followed by 220 mg once a day |
| Apixaban | 2.5 mg orally, twice a day | 24 hours if low risk of bleeding; 48 hours if moderate or high risk of bleeding | Start ≥ 12 hours after surgery |
| Warfarin | In most cases, 5-10 mg/day, orally | 3 to 5 days | After the third day, adjust per INR with a therapeutic target of 1.5 to 2.5. Start 12 to 24 hours after surgery. We suggest a validated warfarin dose-adjustment nomogram |
Abbreviations: INR, international normalized ratio; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin.
Fig. 2Schematic representation of coagulation control and sites of activit of the main anticoagulants. Abbreviations: a, activated; AT, antithrombin; FT, tissue factor; LMWH: low-molecular-weight heparin.
Fig. 1Escore de Caprini. Abreviações: AVC, acidente vascular cerebral; DPOC, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica; IMC, índice de massa corporal; MMII, membros inferiores; h, horas; TEV, tromboembolismo venoso; TRM, trauma raquimedular; TVP, trombose venosa profunda. Fonte: Traduzido e adaptado de Caprini JA. Risk assessment as a guide for the prevention of the many faces of venous thromboembolism. Am J Surg 2010;199 (1 Suppl):S3–10. 25
Medicamentos mais utilizados na profilaxia do tromboembolismo venoso nas cirurgias ortopédicas
| Droga | Posologia | Tempo de interrupção antes da cirurgia | Observação |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ácido acetilsalicílico | 100 mg/dia dose única, via oral | 5 a 10 dias antes da cirurgia | Não deve ser utilizada como monoterapia. Usar como terapia estendida após cinco dias de rivaroxabana em pacientes de baixo risco trombótico |
| HBPM – Enoxaparina | 40 mg/dia dose única, subcutânea | 12 horas se baixo risco de sangramento; 24 horas se alto risco | Iniciar 12 horas após a cirurgia |
| HBPM – Dalteparina | 5.000 UI/dia dose única, subcutânea | 12 horas se baixo risco de sangramento; 24 horas se alto risco | Iniciar 12 horas após a cirurgia |
| HBPM - Nadroparina | 38 UI anti-Xa por kilo de peso corporal | 12 horas se baixo risco de sangramento; 24 horas se alto risco | Iniciar 12 horas após a cirurgia |
| Rivaroxabana | 10 mg/dia, via oral | 24 horas se baixo risco de sangramento; 48 horas se risco moderado ou alto, ou paciente idoso | Iniciar > 6 horas após a cirurgia |
| Dabigatrana | 220 mg/dia, via oral | 48 a 72 horas se função renal normal; mínimo de 5 dias para cirurgias ortopédicas maiores | Iniciar com 110 mg administrados 1-4 horas após a cirurgia, e a seguir com 220 mg uma vez ao dia |
| Apixabana | 2,5 mg duas vezes ao dia, via oral | 24 horas se baixo risco para sangramento; 48 horas se risco moderado ou alto | Iniciar ≥ 12 horas após a cirurgia |
| Varfarina | Na maioria dos casos, 5-10 mg/dia, via oral | 3 a 5 dias | Após o terceiro dia, ajustar conforme RNI com alvo terapêutico de 1,5 a 2,5. Iniciar 12 a 24 horas após a cirurgia. Sugere-se usar um nomograma de ajuste de dose de varfarina validado |
Abreviações: mg, miligramas; HBPM, heparina de baixo peso molecular; RNI, razão normalizada internacional.
Fig. 2Representação esquemática do controle da coagulação e indicação dos sítios de atuação dos principais anticoagulantes. Abreviações: a, ativado; AT, antitrombina; FT, fator tecidual; HBPM: heparina de baixo peso molecular.