The induction of chromosome exchange aberrations by carbon ultrasoft X-rays in V79 hamster cells.

V79 hamster cells in plateau (extended G1) phase were irradiated with either 250 kV ('hard') X-rays or carbon K characteristic ultrasoft X-rays under conditions minimizing cell overlap. These cells were killed most effectively by the carbon X-rays, by a factor of about 3 relative to hard X-rays, in agreement with our previous findings with cells in exponential growth. Chromosome-type aberrations were measured at 3 fixation times within the first division cycle after irradiation, and an approximately uniform sensitivity to aberration induction was found for both radiations. The combined aberration data show that carbon X-rays are 2 or more times as effective as hard X-rays, depending on dose and/or data fit. Exchange aberrations require recombination between two separate chromosomes, but they are induced efficiently by carbon X-rays with a substantial linear component to the dose-response despite the very short electron tracks (approximately less than 7 nm) that they produce in the cell. This implies either that the participating DNA helices must be lying extremely close together at the time of radiation damage, so that one track can effectively damage both helices, or that only one radiation-damaged chromosome is needed to promote an exchange event.