Michael Le Grande1, Ron Borland1, Hua-Hie Yong2, Ann McNeill3,4, Geoffrey Fong5,6,7, K Michael Cummings8,9. 1. Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. 2. School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia. 3. National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK. 4. Shaping Public Health Policies to Reduce Inequalities and Harm (SPECTRUM) Consortium, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. 5. Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. 6. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,Canada. 7. Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada. 8. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. 9. Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This paper explores whether plans to quit, wanting to quit, and quit efficacy add predictive value over measures of habit strength and dependence in making quit attempts and/or attaining smoking abstinence. AIMS AND METHODS: We used three waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey conducted in 2016, 2018, and 2020. Baseline daily smokers (N = 6710) who provided data for at least one wave-to-wave transition (W1 to W2, N = 3511 or W2 to W3, N = 3199) and provided outcome data at the next wave (follow-up) formed the analytic sample. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) logistic regression analyses examined predictors of quit attempts and abstinence at follow-up (1- and 6-month sustained abstinence). RESULTS: Wanting and planning to quit were significantly positively associated with making quit attempts, but negatively associated with smoking abstinence. A significant interaction between the Heaviness of Smoking Index and age warranted an age-stratified analysis for both abstinence outcomes. Lower HSI predicted abstinence in only the younger smokers Motivation and plans to quit were positively associated with abstinence in younger smokers, but surprisingly were negatively associated with abstinence in older smokers. Quit efficacy was associated with abstinence in the older, but not the younger smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Models of smoking abstinence are significantly improved by including motivational predictors of smoking. Age was an important moderator of the association between abstinence for both dependence and motivational variables. IMPLICATIONS: The findings from this large cohort study indicate there are age-related differences in predictors of smoking abstinence but not quit attempts. These associations may reflect differential experiences of older and younger cohorts of smokers, which may have implications for interventions to motivate and assist smokers in quitting.
BACKGROUND: This paper explores whether plans to quit, wanting to quit, and quit efficacy add predictive value over measures of habit strength and dependence in making quit attempts and/or attaining smoking abstinence. AIMS AND METHODS: We used three waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey conducted in 2016, 2018, and 2020. Baseline daily smokers (N = 6710) who provided data for at least one wave-to-wave transition (W1 to W2, N = 3511 or W2 to W3, N = 3199) and provided outcome data at the next wave (follow-up) formed the analytic sample. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) logistic regression analyses examined predictors of quit attempts and abstinence at follow-up (1- and 6-month sustained abstinence). RESULTS: Wanting and planning to quit were significantly positively associated with making quit attempts, but negatively associated with smoking abstinence. A significant interaction between the Heaviness of Smoking Index and age warranted an age-stratified analysis for both abstinence outcomes. Lower HSI predicted abstinence in only the younger smokers Motivation and plans to quit were positively associated with abstinence in younger smokers, but surprisingly were negatively associated with abstinence in older smokers. Quit efficacy was associated with abstinence in the older, but not the younger smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Models of smoking abstinence are significantly improved by including motivational predictors of smoking. Age was an important moderator of the association between abstinence for both dependence and motivational variables. IMPLICATIONS: The findings from this large cohort study indicate there are age-related differences in predictors of smoking abstinence but not quit attempts. These associations may reflect differential experiences of older and younger cohorts of smokers, which may have implications for interventions to motivate and assist smokers in quitting.
Authors: Ron Borland; Hua-Hie Yong; James Balmford; Jae Cooper; K Michael Cummings; Richard J O'Connor; Ann McNeill; Mark P Zanna; Geoffrey T Fong Journal: Nicotine Tob Res Date: 2010-10 Impact factor: 4.244
Authors: M E Thompson; G T Fong; D Hammond; C Boudreau; P Driezen; A Hyland; R Borland; K M Cummings; G B Hastings; M Siahpush; A M Mackintosh; F L Laux Journal: Tob Control Date: 2006-06 Impact factor: 7.552
Authors: Michael Le Grande; Ron Borland; Hua-Hie Yong; K Michael Cummings; Ann McNeill; Mary E Thompson; Geoffrey T Fong Journal: Nicotine Tob Res Date: 2021-01-22 Impact factor: 4.244
Authors: Mary E Thompson; Geoffrey T Fong; Christian Boudreau; Pete Driezen; Grace Li; Shannon Gravely; K Michael Cummings; Bryan W Heckman; Richard O'Connor; James F Thrasher; Georges Nahhas; Ron Borland; Hua-Hie Yong; Ann McNeill; Sara C Hitchman; Anne C K Quah Journal: Addiction Date: 2019-01-24 Impact factor: 6.526
Authors: Bhushan D Kamble; Bhabani P Acharya; Sumit Jethani; Vinoth G Chellaiyan; Sunil K Singh; Satish Chaku Journal: J Family Med Prim Care Date: 2022-06-30